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well good morning everyone um i hope you

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enjoyed the wonderful musical

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accompaniment uh provided by sam dosher

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who is one of the ones we'd like to

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thank today for helping from nai central

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and organizing and structuring this

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event so sam that was wonderful and mike

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i wanted to say thank you too for

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bringing dunkin donuts this morning so

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thank you those of us sitting here in

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colorado are well sugared and fed to

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start start our day

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um but more seriously um really thrilled

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to see a lot of people online and ready

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to participate today in this workshop

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without walls

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it's focused on serpentinizing system

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science

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and um it's been under discussion over

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the last year i'll give a little bit of

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a history of how to enact such a

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workshop and try to

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use this as an effort to build a sense

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of community amongst the disparate areas

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of research that are going on in

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serpentinizing systems science at the

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moment both supported by nasa and by

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multiple agencies including many in our

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international partners some of which

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could join us today which is exciting

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too from both europe and from japan

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um

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in the flyers that have been distributed

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i think the way it's been described so

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far is that one of the hopes over these

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next three days that we're going to be

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convened is that we'll highlight recent

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advances in understanding how surprising

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systems function chemically and

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biologically and geologically within our

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solar system

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and in many ways the question is why are

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we having this workshop now and it is to

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come back and re-examine any of the

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couplings between these three

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um

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multiple processes and understand them

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in the lens of why sepanizing systems

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are a compelling astrobiological target

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in our search for life in the solar

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and

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it's an interesting discussion that came

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up about a year ago at apps icon

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2015 2015

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the idea is that serpentinization has

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been discussed in astrobiological terms

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for a long time now and it's

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extraordinarily well

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studied as a geological process

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and the reason that it seems timely to

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have a workshop like this and to and

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again to be brought together from these

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various disciplines is to really

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ask them what do we understand about the

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conditions that give rise to an

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inhabited state in serpentinizing

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systems have we been able to start to

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recognize when that occurs

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what is it when and where does the

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hydration of ultramafic rocks actually

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give rise to states that

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can sustain life activity because not

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all serenizing systems necessarily are

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alive when

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are they how do we know that and i'm

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hoping we'll explore that again through

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a bunch of the proposed talks that are

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in the schedule as well as in some of

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the pop-up talks already planned at the

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moment and some that might get inspired

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by the discussions that are going to

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happen

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so lisa to give you the next line

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um this is just um was me on my iphone

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this morning going back to

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june 2015. it was about 40 of us

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convened in an impromptu discussion at

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appsidecon um in the middle of that week

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just to again bring together people in

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many of the diverse areas that relate to

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subpoenaizing system science to ask the

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question of whether there needed to be

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broader discourse about some of our

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recent findings and the strong answer

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from that was yes and the question has

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been then how to best do that

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you can see the guy sitting in the back

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right corner there tory holler

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he jumped to his feet and said we must

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do this yes

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jen blink who is also a co-convener of

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this jumped to her feet and said we must

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do this um but more honest more

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seriously the two of them have been

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absolutely wonderful in helping to

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create a framework and a structure for

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putting together a workshop without

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walls

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as an outgrowth of this in the beginning

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of a discussion of whether or not there

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should be the establishment of a working

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group

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that can further build on potentially

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some of the discussions we're going to

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start in these next few days um we don't

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necessarily need a working group and so

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i urge you to consider that as we are

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as the workshop proceeds and to please

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send your comments and thoughts and

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ideas about that directly to jen and

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she'll have her email up again later in

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the workshop genblanketna

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nasa.gov

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to be able to take some of the input and

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information on that

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because regardless i think we have a lot

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that we can do together in these next

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three days again trying to to highlight

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some of these recent advances

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um so if you go to the next one okay

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okay so um again i'd really like to

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thank the nasa astrobiology institute

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there's been many discussions through

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both executive council and with nai

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central about ways to support what they

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could see is a lot of potential synergy

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in research themes between programs

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they're directly funding such as some of

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the members of the different nasa

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astrobiology institutes a lot of active

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ongoing research in serpentinizing

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system science in many of the teams at

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the moment but also well beyond

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necessarily any of the specific

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ongoing institutes but on other nasa

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supported programs and in many research

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labs again internationally and so how to

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um make sure that the

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best collaborative outcomes and building

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upon each other findings could happen

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and so again to mike and estelle and sam

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in particular for helping us figure out

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how to structure a workshop like this i

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say thank you

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um

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so

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one of the

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um

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overarching discussions i think that can

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occur as we move forward is trying to

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figure out how to

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continuously reintegrate some of our

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perspectives from planetary surface

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processes

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where we see evidence of active

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serpentinization in the modern in our

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solar system as well as past

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serpentinization activity

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to any evidence for inhabitation of

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those systems and we'll treat a lot of

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this workshop from in the reverse

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direction we're going to start with

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looking at activity and

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surrenderizing systems on earth right

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now

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if there's so much active research in

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that realm and build it back towards how

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does this fit into our understandings of

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planetary surface processes that give

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rise to serpentinization or dependent

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upon it

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um

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again just trying to think about

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all of these different research themes

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that are occurring at the moment if

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you'll move to the next slide too

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we hope to capture just a fraction of

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them in the three days there that are

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coming so we're really lucky to have

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three theme leads billy brazelton tom

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mccollum and steve vance all of them

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were essentially requested through a lot

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of that community input

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apps icon and in follow-up discussions

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is the three people that um most people

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would like to see bring together

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perspectives on these topics which are

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going to be the focus of the three days

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that come in particular we're going to

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have a chance to look at serpentinizing

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systems on earth

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and there will be a very

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active focus on what we are starting to

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understand about geochemical dynamics

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and microbial activity within those

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systems there's so much active research

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at the moment at sites worldwide that

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the discovery potential has been

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enormous regarding the types of life

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activity and how we recognize it

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the physiological adaptations to the

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conditions that exist in actively

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subpoenaizing systems

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and almost can't keep up fast enough

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with hearing who and when and where some

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of these biological processes are being

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supported by fentanylization

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at the same time

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there's experiments being continuously

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it's interactive hey i can see you guys

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um so in the uh um

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in when we look at what's going on in

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experimental systems um there's been a

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large number of recent experimental

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results particularly in the high

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temperature realm again looking at the

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pathways of serpentinization how that

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process proceeds and and the new

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insights into some of the products that

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are occurring particularly with respect

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to carbon compounds and civetinizing

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systems

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but we need this feedback between the

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state of environments undergoing

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serpentinization in the experiments that

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also best mimic that and allow us to see

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the rates and the mechanisms of these

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processes and how they feedback so we

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have a chance again to look into the

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structure of new experiments that are

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being designed um modeling that has

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shown some of the most fruitful regimes

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to try and either simulate and

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experiments or go seek in the natural

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environment

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i think we're going to get a chance too

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even in some of the pop-up talks i hope

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to hear about some of the new designs of

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reactors

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and

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ways that allow us to really experiment

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and

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test how organisms function under the

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in-situ condition of serpentinization

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and the again some of the boundary

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and then lastly again into this realm

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back into the planetary is going

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as our

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advancement in the theory and

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observation of life activity and

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habitable conditions and serbianizing

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systems expands

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how are we feeding that back to our

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ability to

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seek and detect those environments

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elsewhere particularly in our solar

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system as well as beyond

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how

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in many ways um

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both becoming more adept at identifying

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actively serpentinizing environments

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right now in the chemical signatures of

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that

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um and evidence for where this has

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occurred in the past

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there's a giant open door

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that has

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um many open questions regarding what

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are we looking for in those

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serpentinized environments that might

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really be an indicator or of a signature

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of life activity a biosignature hosted

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by a serpentinizing system let alone the

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tafonomy of those biosignatures and how

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00:10:12,470 --> 00:10:10,720
they're preserved but what are the true

286
00:10:14,790 --> 00:10:12,480
targets that we're starting to recognize

287
00:10:17,190 --> 00:10:14,800
that that we should be incorporating

288
00:10:18,949 --> 00:10:17,200
into our life detection strategies and

289
00:10:21,350 --> 00:10:18,959
into our mission targets both where

290
00:10:23,750 --> 00:10:21,360
we're landing or where we are sending

291
00:10:26,230 --> 00:10:23,760
orbiters or sending probes and how we

292
00:10:28,310 --> 00:10:26,240
would deploy in that mission to detect

293
00:10:30,710 --> 00:10:28,320
um life that we believe should be

294
00:10:32,470 --> 00:10:30,720
sustained by subpoenaization activity so

295
00:10:34,870 --> 00:10:32,480
again we could have gone in any order

296
00:10:36,790 --> 00:10:34,880
with these three and the hope is that

297
00:10:38,550 --> 00:10:36,800
these themes can feed back on each other

298
00:10:40,870 --> 00:10:38,560
over these next few days and we can at

299
00:10:43,350 --> 00:10:40,880
least keep these concepts in our mind as

300
00:10:45,509 --> 00:10:43,360
we change from the topics that billy and

301
00:10:47,190 --> 00:10:45,519
tom and steve were going to lead for us

302
00:10:50,230 --> 00:10:47,200
and in trying to

303
00:10:51,670 --> 00:10:50,240
again build a base of um recent

304
00:10:53,590 --> 00:10:51,680
discovery and

305
00:10:55,430 --> 00:10:53,600
and state of the art of our thinking in

306
00:10:57,350 --> 00:10:55,440
many of these topic areas

307
00:10:58,710 --> 00:10:57,360
so with that i'm excited to be able to

308
00:11:00,310 --> 00:10:58,720
sit back some but i hope there'll be a

309
00:11:03,030 --> 00:11:00,320
lot of active chat in the windows as

310
00:11:05,269 --> 00:11:03,040
people are thinking about things use use

311
00:11:07,509 --> 00:11:05,279
these other channels too to

312
00:11:09,430 --> 00:11:07,519
to inject some of your thoughts as you

313
00:11:11,590 --> 00:11:09,440
hear these speakers and everyone feel

314
00:11:12,630 --> 00:11:11,600
free to to comment and reply because

315
00:11:15,110 --> 00:11:12,640
that's where we'll get a lot of the

316
00:11:17,350 --> 00:11:15,120
vibrancy of this event

317
00:11:19,430 --> 00:11:17,360
and with that i can see you bailey and

318
00:11:21,670 --> 00:11:19,440
we send it off to you and thank you for

319
00:11:23,670 --> 00:11:21,680
leaving today's event so alexis actually

320
00:11:25,990 --> 00:11:23,680
um adrian brown's asking in the chat

321
00:11:27,829 --> 00:11:26,000
room um about the background picture of

322
00:11:30,550 --> 00:11:27,839
your intro slides yes we have a couple

323
00:11:32,870 --> 00:11:30,560
minutes if you want to do we yeah

324
00:11:34,550 --> 00:11:32,880
um hi adrian um i can't see you right

325
00:11:36,550 --> 00:11:34,560
now we had a lovely visit when adrian

326
00:11:39,030 --> 00:11:36,560
came here this summer

327
00:11:47,350 --> 00:11:39,040
that picture can you even delete the

328
00:11:51,030 --> 00:11:49,590
yeah that picture is common to a lot of

329
00:11:53,269 --> 00:11:51,040
different pendanizing systems that

330
00:11:55,350 --> 00:11:53,279
specifically comes from oman

331
00:11:57,430 --> 00:11:55,360
in an area that we visited with a close

332
00:11:58,150 --> 00:11:57,440
collaborator peter kelleman that we work

333
00:12:01,110 --> 00:11:58,160
with

334
00:12:03,430 --> 00:12:01,120
um these are rocks that even the more

335
00:12:05,430 --> 00:12:03,440
dramatic version them is strongly banded

336
00:12:07,590 --> 00:12:05,440
from red to green and then has all of

337
00:12:09,829 --> 00:12:07,600
this

338
00:12:12,150 --> 00:12:09,839
veining across it with essentially

339
00:12:14,470 --> 00:12:12,160
strong oxygen fugacity gradients

340
00:12:15,750 --> 00:12:14,480
incredibly interesting mineralogy that

341
00:12:17,030 --> 00:12:15,760
no one can quite

342
00:12:18,870 --> 00:12:17,040
figure out though

343
00:12:20,230 --> 00:12:18,880
so there's some uh great challenges and

344
00:12:21,910 --> 00:12:20,240
what the true mineralogy of some of

345
00:12:24,150 --> 00:12:21,920
these cepetonites are

346
00:12:26,389 --> 00:12:24,160
but in this particular case too um

347
00:12:28,069 --> 00:12:26,399
there's been an extensive fracturing and

348
00:12:30,389 --> 00:12:28,079
evidence of fluid flow and

349
00:12:32,389 --> 00:12:30,399
mineralization that has occurred in the

350
00:12:34,470 --> 00:12:32,399
system so there's so many different

351
00:12:36,389 --> 00:12:34,480
states of the environment captured in

352
00:12:39,430 --> 00:12:36,399
something like that rock that's pictured

353
00:12:41,030 --> 00:12:39,440
there because in the dark green matrix

354
00:12:42,710 --> 00:12:41,040
itself is the area where all the

355
00:12:44,389 --> 00:12:42,720
reactions are occurring that for example

356
00:12:46,629 --> 00:12:44,399
may be producing molecular hydrogen or

357
00:12:48,870 --> 00:12:46,639
reduced organic compounds

358
00:12:50,790 --> 00:12:48,880
but that fluid environment of the high

359
00:12:53,269 --> 00:12:50,800
transfer potential very different again

360
00:12:54,949 --> 00:12:53,279
redox state and oxygen fugacity may be

361
00:12:56,629 --> 00:12:54,959
again an area where there is a lot of

362
00:12:58,230 --> 00:12:56,639
mixing and dynamics of fluids from

363
00:13:00,550 --> 00:12:58,240
different parts of the system where we

364
00:13:03,269 --> 00:13:00,560
may find say an enhanced habitable

365
00:13:05,430 --> 00:13:03,279
condition and evidence of biosignatures

366
00:13:07,030 --> 00:13:05,440
and understanding how to seek and

367
00:13:08,550 --> 00:13:07,040
unravel those kinds of rocks is

368
00:13:09,670 --> 00:13:08,560
definitely a great challenge at the

369
00:13:12,470 --> 00:13:09,680
moment

370
00:13:14,069 --> 00:13:12,480
um i do want to say too for those of you

371
00:13:15,269 --> 00:13:14,079
who are thinking about pop-up talks and

372
00:13:16,710 --> 00:13:15,279
things

373
00:13:18,150 --> 00:13:16,720
some of the pop-up talks might be a few

374
00:13:20,710 --> 00:13:18,160
slides but if you just want to inject

375
00:13:23,110 --> 00:13:20,720
one image or one idea again please feel

376
00:13:25,509 --> 00:13:23,120
free not for today but to send your

377
00:13:27,590 --> 00:13:25,519
requests forward for the next two days

378
00:13:29,350 --> 00:13:27,600
to put those ideas in

379
00:13:31,750 --> 00:13:29,360
and again you get inspired at the moment

380
00:13:33,910 --> 00:13:31,760
i have there'll be one student from here

381
00:13:36,069 --> 00:13:33,920
at colorado katie rumford who's going to

382
00:13:38,310 --> 00:13:36,079
do a quick pop-up talk today i see

383
00:13:40,629 --> 00:13:38,320
hannah miller here as an example um and

384
00:13:42,470 --> 00:13:40,639
i would have had requested that she give

385
00:13:44,310 --> 00:13:42,480
a pop-up except that she defended her

386
00:13:46,710 --> 00:13:44,320
phd thesis yesterday and i was trying to

387
00:13:48,949 --> 00:13:46,720
be gentle and kind after such a

388
00:13:51,590 --> 00:13:48,959
important event but the reason that i

389
00:13:53,350 --> 00:13:51,600
would have asked for example

390
00:13:55,189 --> 00:13:53,360
someone like hannah to give a

391
00:13:56,389 --> 00:13:55,199
quick pop-up

392
00:13:57,670 --> 00:13:56,399
and you might want to encourage your

393
00:13:59,350 --> 00:13:57,680
students and post-docs and other

394
00:14:01,269 --> 00:13:59,360
research scientists working with you to

395
00:14:03,590 --> 00:14:01,279
give a quick pop-up is

396
00:14:05,269 --> 00:14:03,600
um two major outcomes from her thesis

397
00:14:07,829 --> 00:14:05,279
work which are starting to come out into

398
00:14:09,269 --> 00:14:07,839
various publications are one

399
00:14:11,509 --> 00:14:09,279
some of the key reactions that actually

400
00:14:13,590 --> 00:14:11,519
make molecular hydrogen at temperatures

401
00:14:15,110 --> 00:14:13,600
within the temperature limits of life so

402
00:14:16,389 --> 00:14:15,120
she's been trying to see reactions

403
00:14:18,069 --> 00:14:16,399
within

404
00:14:19,990 --> 00:14:18,079
actively subpoenaizing rocks that make

405
00:14:21,910 --> 00:14:20,000
hydrogen and identify those and that's

406
00:14:24,310 --> 00:14:21,920
been really changed our thinking about

407
00:14:26,389 --> 00:14:24,320
where to go look for life activity

408
00:14:27,750 --> 00:14:26,399
the second one was a part of her thesis

409
00:14:29,990 --> 00:14:27,760
that worked on

410
00:14:31,509 --> 00:14:30,000
looking at methanogens a type of life

411
00:14:33,110 --> 00:14:31,519
that we think should should be

412
00:14:35,670 --> 00:14:33,120
functionally active in serpentinizing

413
00:14:38,069 --> 00:14:35,680
systems how they who they are and how

414
00:14:40,069 --> 00:14:38,079
they work at the

415
00:14:42,230 --> 00:14:40,079
high alkaline phs that we often see in

416
00:14:44,069 --> 00:14:42,240
surbatinizing systems and the carbon

417
00:14:46,710 --> 00:14:44,079
isotope signatures of the methane they

418
00:14:48,150 --> 00:14:46,720
make so depending on how things evolve i

419
00:14:49,990 --> 00:14:48,160
may have to twist your arm and ask you

420
00:14:51,590 --> 00:14:50,000
to talk about that later this week but

421
00:14:55,430 --> 00:14:51,600
for now again sending it back to you

422
00:15:00,470 --> 00:14:56,829
thank you

423
00:15:02,710 --> 00:15:00,480
alexis yes as alexa said i am the day

424
00:15:05,430 --> 00:15:02,720
one theme lead

425
00:15:08,389 --> 00:15:05,440
uh which is civilization systems on

426
00:15:10,949 --> 00:15:08,399
earth so we have a very specific topic

427
00:15:13,430 --> 00:15:10,959
of only serpentinization on earth not

428
00:15:15,590 --> 00:15:13,440
other planets you see the schedule here

429
00:15:17,829 --> 00:15:15,600
before we get to our four featured

430
00:15:20,949 --> 00:15:17,839
invited talks i'm going to give a quick

431
00:15:23,110 --> 00:15:20,959
scientific overview of serpentinization

432
00:15:24,829 --> 00:15:23,120
um so go ahead and go to the next slide

433
00:15:26,310 --> 00:15:24,839
to give

434
00:15:27,110 --> 00:15:26,320
um uh

435
00:15:28,470 --> 00:15:27,120
the

436
00:15:30,949 --> 00:15:28,480
just some background information because

437
00:15:32,470 --> 00:15:30,959
we want to be welcoming to everyone even

438
00:15:35,350 --> 00:15:32,480
those who may not already be familiar

439
00:15:37,829 --> 00:15:35,360
with defensiveness this is this workshop

440
00:15:39,670 --> 00:15:37,839
is not intended to be exclusive to

441
00:15:43,189 --> 00:15:39,680
serpentinization fanatics we're

442
00:15:45,269 --> 00:15:43,199
welcoming everybody so here's a

443
00:15:46,710 --> 00:15:45,279
introduction for those people

444
00:15:49,269 --> 00:15:46,720
um

445
00:15:51,110 --> 00:15:49,279
we know of two energy sources in the

446
00:15:52,710 --> 00:15:51,120
solar system that we know can support

447
00:15:55,350 --> 00:15:52,720
life there's the sun of course that

448
00:15:57,110 --> 00:15:55,360
supports all green plants and therefore

449
00:15:58,790 --> 00:15:57,120
all other surface-based life on this

450
00:16:00,389 --> 00:15:58,800
planet everything you eat comes from the

451
00:16:01,749 --> 00:16:00,399
sun

452
00:16:04,069 --> 00:16:01,759
and then when hydrothermal vents were

453
00:16:05,829 --> 00:16:04,079
discovered in the late 70s we realized

454
00:16:08,710 --> 00:16:05,839
that magmatic heat from the earth's

455
00:16:10,629 --> 00:16:08,720
mantle can also support ecosystems on

456
00:16:12,230 --> 00:16:10,639
earth independent from the sun so from

457
00:16:14,629 --> 00:16:12,240
an astrobiological perspective when

458
00:16:17,110 --> 00:16:14,639
we're looking for life we need to find

459
00:16:21,430 --> 00:16:17,120
solar powered life or

460
00:16:22,790 --> 00:16:21,440
uh geologically active planets or both

461
00:16:23,760 --> 00:16:22,800
with the recent discovery of

462
00:16:25,590 --> 00:16:23,770
serpentinization

463
00:16:27,749 --> 00:16:25,600
[Music]

464
00:16:29,990 --> 00:16:27,759
i can control the slides

465
00:16:31,829 --> 00:16:30,000
yes

466
00:16:34,470 --> 00:16:31,839
no next slide please

467
00:16:36,790 --> 00:16:34,480
uh yeah billy click the down arrow in

468
00:16:38,949 --> 00:16:36,800
the lower left of the slides the down

469
00:16:42,470 --> 00:16:38,959
arrow not the right arrow

470
00:16:46,790 --> 00:16:44,870
so here is my very simplistic uh

471
00:16:48,710 --> 00:16:46,800
introduction to serpentinization and

472
00:16:51,110 --> 00:16:48,720
later on this workshop i'm sure we will

473
00:16:53,030 --> 00:16:51,120
get more comprehensive and more precise

474
00:16:54,470 --> 00:16:53,040
definitions of what serpentinization

475
00:16:56,629 --> 00:16:54,480
reactions

476
00:16:58,870 --> 00:16:56,639
are and what they can do

477
00:17:00,870 --> 00:16:58,880
but my microbiologist's definition of

478
00:17:02,550 --> 00:17:00,880
serpentinization is here it's the

479
00:17:04,710 --> 00:17:02,560
process by which the pretty green rock

480
00:17:06,949 --> 00:17:04,720
turns into the ugly black rock

481
00:17:08,230 --> 00:17:06,959
and from a biological perspective what's

482
00:17:10,069 --> 00:17:08,240
exciting about that is that it's

483
00:17:12,390 --> 00:17:10,079
exothermic it releases energy it

484
00:17:14,549 --> 00:17:12,400
releases hydrogen the hydrogen can

485
00:17:17,189 --> 00:17:14,559
potentially create organic matter that

486
00:17:18,470 --> 00:17:17,199
can support life so this is potentially

487
00:17:21,189 --> 00:17:18,480
a third

488
00:17:23,750 --> 00:17:21,199
source of energy that could support life

489
00:17:25,029 --> 00:17:23,760
this is one of the things that everyone

490
00:17:26,390 --> 00:17:25,039
[Music]

491
00:17:28,150 --> 00:17:26,400
many of the people involved in this

492
00:17:29,750 --> 00:17:28,160
workshop want to be able to study is can

493
00:17:31,430 --> 00:17:29,760
this support life and can it in fact

494
00:17:33,510 --> 00:17:31,440
support life independent of the other

495
00:17:36,470 --> 00:17:33,520
two sources of energy we know about

496
00:17:38,549 --> 00:17:36,480
stars and mag and magma

497
00:17:40,070 --> 00:17:38,559
is dependentization our geochemical

498
00:17:42,310 --> 00:17:40,080
reactions a

499
00:17:43,590 --> 00:17:42,320
a third kind of energy that can support

500
00:17:46,390 --> 00:17:43,600
life on their own we don't know that's

501
00:17:47,909 --> 00:17:46,400
what we're here to discuss

502
00:17:49,909 --> 00:17:47,919
and to make this a little bit more

503
00:17:51,430 --> 00:17:49,919
concrete in my short overview i'm going

504
00:17:53,510 --> 00:17:51,440
to give you one example of a

505
00:17:55,669 --> 00:17:53,520
serpentinizing system on earth

506
00:17:57,750 --> 00:17:55,679
this is the tablelands of light in

507
00:17:59,430 --> 00:17:57,760
grossmore national park in newfoundland

508
00:18:01,909 --> 00:17:59,440
where matt shrink and i have been

509
00:18:04,230 --> 00:18:01,919
working with penny morrell

510
00:18:05,669 --> 00:18:04,240
who's a memorial university in st john's

511
00:18:08,230 --> 00:18:05,679
and i really like this picture because

512
00:18:10,470 --> 00:18:08,240
it's an overview of the watershed where

513
00:18:12,870 --> 00:18:10,480
we find ph 12

514
00:18:14,150 --> 00:18:12,880
springs coming out of serpentinites and

515
00:18:16,150 --> 00:18:14,160
i also like this picture because it

516
00:18:19,029 --> 00:18:16,160
looks a little bit like mars

517
00:18:21,909 --> 00:18:19,039
which is not entirely a coincidence the

518
00:18:24,710 --> 00:18:21,919
serpentinites are toxic to most plants

519
00:18:26,310 --> 00:18:24,720
and so the vegetation is very sparse

520
00:18:27,990 --> 00:18:26,320
here are some beautiful pictures of

521
00:18:29,510 --> 00:18:28,000
pencil nights do you see the snake skin

522
00:18:31,750 --> 00:18:29,520
texture which gives the name to

523
00:18:34,310 --> 00:18:31,760
serpentine tonight

524
00:18:35,990 --> 00:18:34,320
and um

525
00:18:38,549 --> 00:18:36,000
here

526
00:18:41,190 --> 00:18:38,559
i think i have to do this

527
00:18:42,789 --> 00:18:41,200
now you can see my pointer i think

528
00:18:43,750 --> 00:18:42,799
nope

529
00:18:45,750 --> 00:18:43,760
okay

530
00:18:48,470 --> 00:18:45,760
how that works

531
00:18:50,320 --> 00:18:48,480
right around here is a spring coming out

532
00:18:53,990 --> 00:18:50,330
of the serpentonites

533
00:18:55,590 --> 00:18:54,000
[Music]

534
00:18:58,070 --> 00:18:55,600
and

535
00:19:01,029 --> 00:18:58,080
what i want to show you is that

536
00:19:02,390 --> 00:19:01,039
this show you this as an example of a

537
00:19:03,990 --> 00:19:02,400
conceptual

538
00:19:05,590 --> 00:19:04,000
and intellectual challenge we have

539
00:19:08,070 --> 00:19:05,600
almost anywhere we're going to study

540
00:19:09,430 --> 00:19:08,080
serpentinization so in this site you

541
00:19:11,190 --> 00:19:09,440
have

542
00:19:13,110 --> 00:19:11,200
subsurface water

543
00:19:15,669 --> 00:19:13,120
coming out it's very high ph very

544
00:19:17,430 --> 00:19:15,679
extreme and you have surface water in

545
00:19:19,190 --> 00:19:17,440
this case coming from a swamp that is

546
00:19:21,350 --> 00:19:19,200
flowing into this pool and there's a

547
00:19:23,270 --> 00:19:21,360
mixing zone in between them and we look

548
00:19:26,789 --> 00:19:23,280
at the microbial diversity at these

549
00:19:30,460 --> 00:19:30,070
we see a lot of kinds of microbes coming

550
00:19:33,750 --> 00:19:30,470
from

551
00:19:33,760 --> 00:19:36,549
i don't know

552
00:19:39,430 --> 00:19:37,909
a lot of you just click where you want

553
00:19:41,190 --> 00:19:39,440
the pointer to go it's better than

554
00:19:44,150 --> 00:19:41,200
dragging it

555
00:19:45,590 --> 00:19:44,160
no dragging just click got it thank you

556
00:19:47,669 --> 00:19:45,600
lots of different kinds of microbes come

557
00:19:49,430 --> 00:19:47,679
from the swamp as you might expect

558
00:19:54,230 --> 00:19:49,440
very few kinds of microbes are coming

559
00:20:00,789 --> 00:19:57,029
and when they where they mix you have

560
00:20:03,029 --> 00:20:00,799
a mix of microbes that is not surprising

561
00:20:05,669 --> 00:20:03,039
so our challenge when we study places

562
00:20:07,750 --> 00:20:05,679
like this is that

563
00:20:09,510 --> 00:20:07,760
what we really want to know is what is

564
00:20:11,110 --> 00:20:09,520
going on in the subsurface where it's

565
00:20:13,350 --> 00:20:11,120
not affected by the

566
00:20:14,549 --> 00:20:13,360
oxygenated earth's atmosphere right we

567
00:20:17,110 --> 00:20:14,559
don't really care what lives in the

568
00:20:18,870 --> 00:20:17,120
swamp if we were a swamp biologist we

569
00:20:20,390 --> 00:20:18,880
couldn't care but we

570
00:20:22,310 --> 00:20:20,400
are studying super fentanization and we

571
00:20:24,310 --> 00:20:22,320
want to remove that effect of the

572
00:20:26,149 --> 00:20:24,320
microbes coming from the swamp and we're

573
00:20:27,750 --> 00:20:26,159
also not that interested in the mixing

574
00:20:29,190 --> 00:20:27,760
zone although it's really biologically

575
00:20:30,870 --> 00:20:29,200
interesting that's usually where we see

576
00:20:32,710 --> 00:20:30,880
the most biological activity because

577
00:20:34,870 --> 00:20:32,720
mixing zones are where biology really

578
00:20:37,110 --> 00:20:34,880
thrives and one of the big questions

579
00:20:39,430 --> 00:20:37,120
that i think will be a theme of this

580
00:20:41,830 --> 00:20:39,440
workshop especially day one

581
00:20:44,630 --> 00:20:41,840
is how can we figure out what's going on

582
00:20:46,630 --> 00:20:44,640
in this heavily heavily serpentinization

583
00:20:48,549 --> 00:20:46,640
influenced environment even though we

584
00:20:50,789 --> 00:20:48,559
have to work on the surface of the earth

585
00:20:52,230 --> 00:20:50,799
and it's contaminated and mixed with all

586
00:20:56,310 --> 00:20:52,240
these other things that we may not care

587
00:21:00,390 --> 00:20:58,230
and here is

588
00:21:02,549 --> 00:21:00,400
one more slide showing this is a general

589
00:21:03,830 --> 00:21:02,559
trend this is a data set i compiled

590
00:21:05,510 --> 00:21:03,840
several years ago

591
00:21:06,870 --> 00:21:05,520
it's old now i need to make a new one

592
00:21:08,710 --> 00:21:06,880
but it

593
00:21:11,590 --> 00:21:08,720
very nicely illustrates this point that

594
00:21:12,549 --> 00:21:11,600
as ph goes up and

595
00:21:15,350 --> 00:21:12,559
in

596
00:21:16,950 --> 00:21:15,360
places where i got this data ph is an

597
00:21:18,789 --> 00:21:16,960
indicator of the degree of

598
00:21:22,549 --> 00:21:18,799
serpentinization

599
00:21:24,710 --> 00:21:22,559
becomes more and more important the

600
00:21:25,830 --> 00:21:24,720
diversity and the units on the y-axis

601
00:21:27,830 --> 00:21:25,840
are not so important here what's

602
00:21:30,630 --> 00:21:27,840
important is that the diversity of the

603
00:21:32,710 --> 00:21:30,640
microbes is going down down down down

604
00:21:34,549 --> 00:21:32,720
as the ph goes up as serpentinization

605
00:21:37,590 --> 00:21:34,559
becomes more important and in many of

606
00:21:40,070 --> 00:21:37,600
the places not only is the diversity low

607
00:21:41,590 --> 00:21:40,080
the biomass is also very low as an

608
00:21:44,070 --> 00:21:41,600
indication these are very difficult

609
00:21:46,789 --> 00:21:44,080
places to live

610
00:21:48,710 --> 00:21:46,799
so this magnifies the problem of

611
00:21:50,950 --> 00:21:48,720
contamination of the surface because the

612
00:21:53,110 --> 00:21:50,960
surface has more stuff it has more kinds

613
00:21:55,669 --> 00:21:53,120
of stuff and it totally swamps out the

614
00:21:57,830 --> 00:21:55,679
signal from the subsurface in many cases

615
00:21:59,590 --> 00:21:57,840
and this is a very challenging problem

616
00:22:01,190 --> 00:21:59,600
that we will also for example probably

617
00:22:03,669 --> 00:22:01,200
have to deal with on mars or any other

618
00:22:06,149 --> 00:22:03,679
planet that we study

619
00:22:07,750 --> 00:22:06,159
and uh later this morning you will hear

620
00:22:09,430 --> 00:22:07,760
from matt shrink more about the

621
00:22:13,830 --> 00:22:09,440
microbial diversity of microbes that's

622
00:22:18,950 --> 00:22:16,789
one more point is that um that

623
00:22:21,590 --> 00:22:18,960
example i just showed you was one type

624
00:22:23,669 --> 00:22:21,600
of a serpentinization system on land

625
00:22:25,669 --> 00:22:23,679
uh here's another one in italy you can

626
00:22:27,430 --> 00:22:25,679
also have serpentinizing systems on the

627
00:22:29,270 --> 00:22:27,440
seafloor this is the lost city

628
00:22:30,710 --> 00:22:29,280
hydrothermal field and these huge

629
00:22:32,789 --> 00:22:30,720
carbonate chimneys that form on the

630
00:22:35,029 --> 00:22:32,799
seafloor and the point i want to make is

631
00:22:37,590 --> 00:22:35,039
in both cases all the biological

632
00:22:39,590 --> 00:22:37,600
activity that we can easily study anyway

633
00:22:41,190 --> 00:22:39,600
is occurring at these mixing zones so i

634
00:22:43,510 --> 00:22:41,200
showed you the example

635
00:22:45,110 --> 00:22:43,520
a table lands where most activity is

636
00:22:47,270 --> 00:22:45,120
where the subsurface water comes to the

637
00:22:49,669 --> 00:22:47,280
surface and mixes that's most of the

638
00:22:51,590 --> 00:22:49,679
activity that we can detect velocity is

639
00:22:53,750 --> 00:22:51,600
the same thing these chimneys are formed

640
00:22:56,549 --> 00:22:53,760
by the mixing of subsurface fluids with

641
00:22:58,950 --> 00:22:56,559
surface woods the chimneys are only

642
00:22:59,669 --> 00:22:58,960
there because mixing is occurring

643
00:23:01,510 --> 00:22:59,679
and

644
00:23:02,789 --> 00:23:01,520
when we have visited lost city in the

645
00:23:04,390 --> 00:23:02,799
past

646
00:23:06,070 --> 00:23:04,400
we have mostly studied these beautiful

647
00:23:08,390 --> 00:23:06,080
carbonate chimneys with tons and tons of

648
00:23:10,390 --> 00:23:08,400
life on them because they were the

649
00:23:12,630 --> 00:23:10,400
obvious thing to study but if we want to

650
00:23:15,510 --> 00:23:12,640
have a general understanding of how

651
00:23:17,430 --> 00:23:15,520
serpentinization and life interact

652
00:23:19,510 --> 00:23:17,440
and sort of universal fundamental

653
00:23:21,510 --> 00:23:19,520
principles the chimneys may not be the

654
00:23:24,549 --> 00:23:21,520
best place to study we may want to study

655
00:23:25,909 --> 00:23:24,559
things down here or over here

656
00:23:27,909 --> 00:23:25,919
and we just haven't done that yet in

657
00:23:31,990 --> 00:23:27,919
many places although we will hear about

658
00:23:34,470 --> 00:23:32,000
some new studies later today

659
00:23:37,510 --> 00:23:34,480
so this is just a textual

660
00:23:38,950 --> 00:23:37,520
summary of what i just said um chimneys

661
00:23:40,870 --> 00:23:38,960
are mixing this is what we've studied

662
00:23:42,950 --> 00:23:40,880
before it's probably not what we want to

663
00:23:44,149 --> 00:23:42,960
focus on in the future

664
00:23:46,310 --> 00:23:44,159
and

665
00:23:48,230 --> 00:23:46,320
once again the reason why we we need to

666
00:23:49,990 --> 00:23:48,240
be able to sort out these subsurface

667
00:23:51,990 --> 00:23:50,000
versus surface processes is that's

668
00:23:53,510 --> 00:23:52,000
probably how we're going to be able

669
00:23:57,029 --> 00:23:53,520
to address the question of whether

670
00:23:58,630 --> 00:23:57,039
serpentinization can support life

671
00:24:00,789 --> 00:23:58,640
on another planet for example where

672
00:24:03,269 --> 00:24:00,799
there may not be an ocean of oxidized

673
00:24:05,430 --> 00:24:03,279
sea water above it or may not be

674
00:24:09,430 --> 00:24:05,440
sunlight providing oxygen and things

675
00:24:11,669 --> 00:24:10,149
so

676
00:24:14,310 --> 00:24:11,679
um

677
00:24:16,549 --> 00:24:14,320
this is uh one framework for

678
00:24:18,870 --> 00:24:16,559
understanding what the invited talks are

679
00:24:21,110 --> 00:24:18,880
going to talk about today

680
00:24:24,710 --> 00:24:21,120
what is going on underneath the chimneys

681
00:24:25,830 --> 00:24:24,720
what is going on in areas where there's

682
00:24:28,149 --> 00:24:25,840
less

683
00:24:31,190 --> 00:24:28,159
focused flow but more

684
00:24:34,630 --> 00:24:31,200
widespread on a spatial and volume basis

685
00:24:39,110 --> 00:24:36,630
among the topics that the talks later

686
00:24:40,950 --> 00:24:39,120
today will talk about so

687
00:24:43,190 --> 00:24:40,960
next up after me will be susan lang

688
00:24:46,070 --> 00:24:43,200
we'll talk about the

689
00:24:47,750 --> 00:24:46,080
carbon chemistry of sermonizing systems

690
00:24:49,669 --> 00:24:47,760
like this

691
00:24:51,669 --> 00:24:49,679
after susan everett will talk about the

692
00:24:54,149 --> 00:24:51,679
energetics of these

693
00:24:55,669 --> 00:24:54,159
molecules and how these chemical

694
00:24:56,789 --> 00:24:55,679
reactions may or may not be useful to

695
00:24:58,549 --> 00:24:56,799
biology

696
00:25:00,950 --> 00:24:58,559
and then

697
00:25:02,789 --> 00:25:00,960
beth will talk about a recent uh

698
00:25:05,430 --> 00:25:02,799
drilling expedition where we drilled

699
00:25:07,269 --> 00:25:05,440
into the rocks around

700
00:25:08,950 --> 00:25:07,279
the velocity hydrothermal field directly

701
00:25:10,950 --> 00:25:08,960
into the serpentine knights to really

702
00:25:13,830 --> 00:25:10,960
get a more direct

703
00:25:15,830 --> 00:25:13,840
study of life in the subsurface that may

704
00:25:18,149 --> 00:25:15,840
not be quite as affected by the surface

705
00:25:21,830 --> 00:25:18,159
although of course that is one thing

706
00:25:26,149 --> 00:25:24,070
so i think you guys get my my points

707
00:25:29,510 --> 00:25:26,159
here but here's one more slide

708
00:25:31,510 --> 00:25:29,520
to drive it home uh on earth we have

709
00:25:33,110 --> 00:25:31,520
this challenge that we both mostly study

710
00:25:34,870 --> 00:25:33,120
things on the surface but what we really

711
00:25:36,789 --> 00:25:34,880
want to know is whether there's some

712
00:25:38,070 --> 00:25:36,799
green slime down in the subsurface

713
00:25:39,909 --> 00:25:38,080
that's actually doing the extra

714
00:25:41,590 --> 00:25:39,919
biologically interesting stuff

715
00:25:43,830 --> 00:25:41,600
and if we send

716
00:25:45,590 --> 00:25:43,840
robots to mars or to europa or to

717
00:25:47,669 --> 00:25:45,600
enceladus i think that we will have a

718
00:25:49,830 --> 00:25:47,679
very similar intellectual problem on our

719
00:25:51,350 --> 00:25:49,840
hands which is that we mostly measure

720
00:25:52,789 --> 00:25:51,360
things on the surface but what we really

721
00:25:54,710 --> 00:25:52,799
care about is if there's some green

722
00:25:57,190 --> 00:25:54,720
slime in the subsurface that's really

723
00:25:59,909 --> 00:25:57,200
doing the interesting stuff

724
00:26:02,230 --> 00:25:59,919
so i encourage you to think about this

725
00:26:03,029 --> 00:26:02,240
kind of conceptual theme as we listen to

726
00:26:09,029 --> 00:26:03,039
the

727
00:26:11,430 --> 00:26:09,039
and um i think it might be a useful

728
00:26:13,350 --> 00:26:11,440
framework for interpreting the data that

729
00:26:15,269 --> 00:26:13,360
will be presented

730
00:26:16,310 --> 00:26:15,279
so that's all i wanted to say

731
00:26:18,230 --> 00:26:16,320
yeah

732
00:26:21,029 --> 00:26:18,240
before you um go ahead then and start

733
00:26:23,350 --> 00:26:21,039
with all the talks you lined up um we

734
00:26:26,710 --> 00:26:23,360
already had some commentary in the chat

735
00:26:28,870 --> 00:26:26,720
and darcy um meyer dombard and darcy i

736
00:26:30,230 --> 00:26:28,880
do want to say as well with someone

737
00:26:31,830 --> 00:26:30,240
who's been very willing to help

738
00:26:33,750 --> 00:26:31,840
spearhead the idea of a working group

739
00:26:36,310 --> 00:26:33,760
and i'd love to hear your input on that

740
00:26:38,149 --> 00:26:36,320
after this workshop too she says just to

741
00:26:40,710 --> 00:26:38,159
comment on the concept of the mixing

742
00:26:43,669 --> 00:26:40,720
zone and interest in them if the mixing

743
00:26:45,590 --> 00:26:43,679
zone is a true eco-tone we can sometimes

744
00:26:48,070 --> 00:26:45,600
see cool examples of the subsurface

745
00:26:49,669 --> 00:26:48,080
influencing what is going on in surface

746
00:26:51,269 --> 00:26:49,679
affected environments and it just seemed

747
00:26:53,269 --> 00:26:51,279
worth having you comment on that a

748
00:26:55,029 --> 00:26:53,279
little bit more before we go into the

749
00:26:56,630 --> 00:26:55,039
next talk

750
00:26:59,590 --> 00:26:56,640
yeah that's really good point i've

751
00:27:01,350 --> 00:26:59,600
perhaps presented it as mostly a one-way

752
00:27:03,269 --> 00:27:01,360
interaction where the surface is

753
00:27:05,029 --> 00:27:03,279
swamping or obscuring the interesting

754
00:27:07,110 --> 00:27:05,039
stuff in the subsurface but

755
00:27:08,789 --> 00:27:07,120
it's definitely can be a two-way

756
00:27:10,390 --> 00:27:08,799
interaction where

757
00:27:12,230 --> 00:27:10,400
the subsurface is influencing the

758
00:27:14,710 --> 00:27:12,240
surface and that's

759
00:27:16,390 --> 00:27:14,720
uh where a lot of interesting science is

760
00:27:17,350 --> 00:27:16,400
going on and

761
00:27:20,070 --> 00:27:17,360
um

762
00:27:21,830 --> 00:27:20,080
perhaps even by necessity that's the

763
00:27:24,149 --> 00:27:21,840
only way that we can actually understand

764
00:27:26,070 --> 00:27:24,159
what is going on in the subsurface is by

765
00:27:27,269 --> 00:27:26,080
understanding how it affects the surface

766
00:27:28,230 --> 00:27:27,279
and then

767
00:27:30,630 --> 00:27:28,240
um

768
00:27:32,549 --> 00:27:30,640
inferring what the subsurface without

769
00:27:39,510 --> 00:27:32,559
the surface might have looked like yes i

770
00:27:43,590 --> 00:27:40,549
um

771
00:27:46,070 --> 00:27:43,600
yeah so i that's another way to put my

772
00:27:47,430 --> 00:27:46,080
recommendation to our our participants

773
00:27:49,269 --> 00:27:47,440
is

774
00:27:51,909 --> 00:27:49,279
when we when we see

775
00:27:53,990 --> 00:27:51,919
uh data from field systems or perhaps

776
00:27:55,029 --> 00:27:54,000
even experimental systems it's good to

777
00:27:56,149 --> 00:27:55,039
think about

778
00:27:58,230 --> 00:27:56,159
is this

779
00:28:00,870 --> 00:27:58,240
a surface process swapping out the

780
00:28:03,269 --> 00:28:00,880
subsurface is a subsurface actually

781
00:28:05,669 --> 00:28:03,279
emerging despite the noise from the

782
00:28:07,269 --> 00:28:05,679
surface or some interesting

783
00:28:08,310 --> 00:28:07,279
synergy of the two

784
00:28:09,669 --> 00:28:08,320
i think

785
00:28:10,470 --> 00:28:09,679
that might be one way to think about

786
00:28:11,909 --> 00:28:10,480
these

787
00:28:15,029 --> 00:28:11,919
different kinds of data

788
00:28:18,710 --> 00:28:16,549
see here the schedule here we have a

789
00:28:20,950 --> 00:28:18,720
full slate of pop-up talks at the end so

790
00:28:22,870 --> 00:28:20,960
i'm really looking forward to that

791
00:28:24,310 --> 00:28:22,880
and i want to encourage everyone to ask

792
00:28:25,909 --> 00:28:24,320
questions

793
00:28:27,510 --> 00:28:25,919
probably uh

794
00:28:29,190 --> 00:28:27,520
limit the questions that labs to after

795
00:28:30,630 --> 00:28:29,200
talks but certainly if there's an

796
00:28:32,549 --> 00:28:30,640
important permanent question during the

797
00:28:34,070 --> 00:28:32,559
talk i think that may be

798
00:28:37,110 --> 00:28:34,080
possible as well but certainly after

799
00:28:38,950 --> 00:28:37,120
talks and especially any time during the

800
00:28:40,950 --> 00:28:38,960
talks in between talks in the chat

801
00:28:43,029 --> 00:28:40,960
window we are hoping that chat window

802
00:28:45,750 --> 00:28:43,039
will be a really vigorous

803
00:28:47,269 --> 00:28:45,760
field of intellectual discourse

804
00:28:48,470 --> 00:28:47,279
uh the whole purpose of this is to

805
00:28:49,750 --> 00:28:48,480
stimulate lots of really good

806
00:28:51,750 --> 00:28:49,760
discussions

807
00:28:54,070 --> 00:28:51,760
um hi billy we also had a question from

808
00:28:55,909 --> 00:28:54,080
adrian brown asking if you could comment

809
00:28:57,830 --> 00:28:55,919
on the the mineralogy you're seeing at

810
00:28:59,350 --> 00:28:57,840
the surface where where the spring the

811
00:29:00,310 --> 00:28:59,360
spring and the surface waters were

812
00:29:01,669 --> 00:29:00,320
mixing

813
00:29:03,029 --> 00:29:01,679
so that probably i think

814
00:29:05,110 --> 00:29:03,039
the white they are

815
00:29:07,590 --> 00:29:05,120
next and i know that serpentines are

816
00:29:09,669 --> 00:29:07,600
rich in serpentine and that is my

817
00:29:11,430 --> 00:29:09,679
extensive geochemical knowledge of the

818
00:29:12,870 --> 00:29:11,440
mineralogy of those rocks someone else

819
00:29:15,269 --> 00:29:12,880
could probably better answer that

820
00:29:20,389 --> 00:29:16,549
but they are really beautiful

821
00:29:20,399 --> 00:29:23,190
thank you

822
00:29:31,190 --> 00:29:25,430
[Applause]

823
00:29:35,190 --> 00:29:33,669
hi thanks billy

824
00:29:38,950 --> 00:29:35,200
um

825
00:29:41,909 --> 00:29:38,960
okay it looks like my slides are up and

826
00:29:43,990 --> 00:29:41,919
thanks for the opportunity to chat today

827
00:29:46,630 --> 00:29:44,000
so billy had asked me to talk a little

828
00:29:48,070 --> 00:29:46,640
bit about carbon and serpentinization

829
00:29:49,830 --> 00:29:48,080
environments

830
00:29:53,029 --> 00:29:49,840
and asked me

831
00:29:54,950 --> 00:29:53,039
as well to talk as much as i could

832
00:29:57,190 --> 00:29:54,960
comparing and contrasting

833
00:29:59,110 --> 00:29:57,200
some of the signatures that we see in

834
00:30:01,669 --> 00:29:59,120
oceanic versus

835
00:30:04,389 --> 00:30:01,679
continental systems

836
00:30:06,310 --> 00:30:04,399
i'll do that to the extent that i can

837
00:30:09,269 --> 00:30:06,320
but the focus is probably going to be a

838
00:30:11,750 --> 00:30:09,279
little bit more on oceanic systems

839
00:30:13,750 --> 00:30:11,760
and so the image that you see on the

840
00:30:16,789 --> 00:30:13,760
left is from

841
00:30:18,630 --> 00:30:16,799
velocity hydrothermal field and then the

842
00:30:21,110 --> 00:30:18,640
one on the right is from a continental

843
00:30:23,350 --> 00:30:21,120
system in liguria and in both cases you

844
00:30:25,510 --> 00:30:23,360
can see these large carbonate deposits

845
00:30:29,029 --> 00:30:25,520
that kind of typify

846
00:30:33,430 --> 00:30:29,039
some of these serpentization systems

847
00:30:34,789 --> 00:30:33,440
and so as billy introduced already

848
00:30:37,750 --> 00:30:34,799
one of the outcomes of the

849
00:30:40,149 --> 00:30:37,760
serpentinization reaction are these high

850
00:30:41,669 --> 00:30:40,159
hydrogen concentrations and electrons in

851
00:30:43,990 --> 00:30:41,679
this as well

852
00:30:46,389 --> 00:30:44,000
and part of the reason why i and many

853
00:30:49,190 --> 00:30:46,399
other people are very interested in that

854
00:30:52,149 --> 00:30:49,200
is because that hydrogen can go on to

855
00:30:55,269 --> 00:30:52,159
fuel both the abiotic synthesis of

856
00:30:57,590 --> 00:30:55,279
organic compounds and it can fuel

857
00:31:00,549 --> 00:30:57,600
microbial growth

858
00:31:03,509 --> 00:31:00,559
autotrophic growth in the subsurface or

859
00:31:06,630 --> 00:31:03,519
as those fluids move to the surface

860
00:31:08,630 --> 00:31:06,640
and when we think about those processes

861
00:31:10,630 --> 00:31:08,640
most of the time the reactions we're

862
00:31:13,110 --> 00:31:10,640
thinking about or the metabolisms we're

863
00:31:15,269 --> 00:31:13,120
thinking about require

864
00:31:16,950 --> 00:31:15,279
something like inorganic carbon as a

865
00:31:19,909 --> 00:31:16,960
starting material

866
00:31:22,630 --> 00:31:19,919
a lot of times we kind of default to

867
00:31:24,549 --> 00:31:22,640
thinking of it as a dissolved inorganic

868
00:31:25,990 --> 00:31:24,559
carbon so something like bicarbonate or

869
00:31:30,389 --> 00:31:26,000
co2

870
00:31:32,789 --> 00:31:30,399
but in general it's oxidized carbon

871
00:31:34,389 --> 00:31:32,799
those processes

872
00:31:37,190 --> 00:31:34,399
both of them will

873
00:31:38,710 --> 00:31:37,200
alter carbon signatures both in fluids

874
00:31:40,470 --> 00:31:38,720
and in rocks

875
00:31:42,149 --> 00:31:40,480
and so

876
00:31:43,669 --> 00:31:42,159
as a result of this some of the research

877
00:31:45,509 --> 00:31:43,679
i'm interested in and what i wanted to

878
00:31:47,750 --> 00:31:45,519
talk a little bit about today

879
00:31:50,549 --> 00:31:47,760
is what happens to carbon in general in

880
00:31:53,029 --> 00:31:50,559
serpentinite hosted environments

881
00:31:55,509 --> 00:31:53,039
and the way i thought i would organize

882
00:31:58,230 --> 00:31:55,519
this is by those looked a little bit

883
00:32:00,549 --> 00:31:58,240
more like arrows on my uh on my version

884
00:32:01,509 --> 00:32:00,559
but i think you get the you get the

885
00:32:02,789 --> 00:32:01,519
picture

886
00:32:05,190 --> 00:32:02,799
that um

887
00:32:08,070 --> 00:32:05,200
the organization i wanted to try and go

888
00:32:10,950 --> 00:32:08,080
through is going through this as

889
00:32:13,509 --> 00:32:10,960
a fluid flow pathway and so in the ocean

890
00:32:15,590 --> 00:32:13,519
you have sea water that down wells

891
00:32:18,470 --> 00:32:15,600
in the subsurface there's some sort of

892
00:32:21,350 --> 00:32:18,480
mantle input that we can see geochemical

893
00:32:23,269 --> 00:32:21,360
signatures of there's the possibility of

894
00:32:25,830 --> 00:32:23,279
picking up material from things like

895
00:32:26,950 --> 00:32:25,840
fluid inclusion so

896
00:32:29,110 --> 00:32:26,960
small

897
00:32:32,630 --> 00:32:29,120
bubbles in the rocks that can include

898
00:32:35,350 --> 00:32:32,640
things like hydrogen or sorry methane

899
00:32:37,990 --> 00:32:35,360
and then as those fluids are heated they

900
00:32:39,590 --> 00:32:38,000
start to buoyantly rise and they exit

901
00:32:41,190 --> 00:32:39,600
out the sea floor

902
00:32:42,950 --> 00:32:41,200
in these large

903
00:32:45,190 --> 00:32:42,960
chimney structures

904
00:32:47,990 --> 00:32:45,200
you can have similar processes that go

905
00:32:50,789 --> 00:32:48,000
on in the continents and

906
00:32:52,310 --> 00:32:50,799
and people in continental systems

907
00:33:01,430 --> 00:32:52,320
have

908
00:33:02,630 --> 00:33:01,440
uh different types of fluid pathways

909
00:33:05,110 --> 00:33:02,640
first of all you're starting with

910
00:33:08,950 --> 00:33:05,120
something like meteoric water

911
00:33:10,789 --> 00:33:08,960
and if that water in well as it passes

912
00:33:13,750 --> 00:33:10,799
through the rock is in connection with

913
00:33:17,509 --> 00:33:13,760
the atmosphere and you're continuing to

914
00:33:20,310 --> 00:33:17,519
have carbon dioxide input and oxidants

915
00:33:22,470 --> 00:33:20,320
from the atmosphere it's an open system

916
00:33:24,870 --> 00:33:22,480
and you have one type of fluid chemistry

917
00:33:27,750 --> 00:33:24,880
and if you've sealed that fluid pathway

918
00:33:29,350 --> 00:33:27,760
off from interaction with the surface

919
00:33:32,310 --> 00:33:29,360
then it's a closed system and you have a

920
00:33:35,029 --> 00:33:32,320
very different type of fluid pathway

921
00:33:36,870 --> 00:33:35,039
and again you can have the potential for

922
00:33:38,389 --> 00:33:36,880
something like fluid inclusions in the

923
00:33:40,710 --> 00:33:38,399
subsurface

924
00:33:43,590 --> 00:33:40,720
and so one of the first things to think

925
00:33:45,830 --> 00:33:43,600
about is what your fluid input is

926
00:33:47,669 --> 00:33:45,840
and what happens to that material as it

927
00:33:50,230 --> 00:33:47,679
passes through the system

928
00:33:52,470 --> 00:33:50,240
and so in oceanic systems you have a

929
00:33:54,630 --> 00:33:52,480
pretty homogeneous starting material of

930
00:33:56,710 --> 00:33:54,640
ocean deep sea water where you have

931
00:33:58,710 --> 00:33:56,720
dissolved inorganic carbon present at

932
00:34:01,269 --> 00:33:58,720
about two millimolar

933
00:34:05,110 --> 00:34:01,279
and seawater dissol dissolved organic

934
00:34:08,149 --> 00:34:05,120
carbon present as about 30 to 45

935
00:34:10,230 --> 00:34:08,159
micromole of organic carbon

936
00:34:12,550 --> 00:34:10,240
in continental systems this is a number

937
00:34:13,589 --> 00:34:12,560
i picked up from oman

938
00:34:15,510 --> 00:34:13,599
and

939
00:34:17,589 --> 00:34:15,520
in open systems you have about one to

940
00:34:19,750 --> 00:34:17,599
three millimole of inorganic carbon

941
00:34:22,389 --> 00:34:19,760
that's present in those fluids and you

942
00:34:25,109 --> 00:34:22,399
also have meteoric inorganic carbon and

943
00:34:27,109 --> 00:34:25,119
dissolved organic carbon and the amounts

944
00:34:29,430 --> 00:34:27,119
that's there can probably be fairly

945
00:34:31,109 --> 00:34:29,440
dependent on whether or not the fluids

946
00:34:32,790 --> 00:34:31,119
are going through something like a soil

947
00:34:35,909 --> 00:34:32,800
layer

948
00:34:38,149 --> 00:34:35,919
and so one of the first things to think

949
00:34:39,990 --> 00:34:38,159
about is what happens in particular to

950
00:34:41,829 --> 00:34:40,000
that inorganic carbon and this is a

951
00:34:43,589 --> 00:34:41,839
picture of a serpentonite that was

952
00:34:45,510 --> 00:34:43,599
recovered from the atlantis mississippi

953
00:34:48,470 --> 00:34:45,520
and similar to the pictures that billy

954
00:34:51,589 --> 00:34:48,480
showed there's this fine um

955
00:34:53,270 --> 00:34:51,599
there's fine veins of calcium carbonate

956
00:34:55,990 --> 00:34:53,280
material

957
00:34:57,670 --> 00:34:56,000
and so we know from a lot of work from a

958
00:34:59,589 --> 00:34:57,680
lot of people that a lot of that

959
00:35:02,310 --> 00:34:59,599
inorganic carbon that's brought in with

960
00:35:04,790 --> 00:35:02,320
fluids is precipitated out as calcium

961
00:35:07,910 --> 00:35:04,800
carbonate and so just to highlight two

962
00:35:08,950 --> 00:35:07,920
examples one is um here from the iberian

963
00:35:10,150 --> 00:35:08,960
margin

964
00:35:11,990 --> 00:35:10,160
where

965
00:35:14,710 --> 00:35:12,000
esther schwarzenbach and co-workers

966
00:35:17,190 --> 00:35:14,720
looked at the amount of total inorganic

967
00:35:19,109 --> 00:35:17,200
carbon that was present in rocks and

968
00:35:20,870 --> 00:35:19,119
where you have cold shearing and you're

969
00:35:22,950 --> 00:35:20,880
starting to have fluids pass through

970
00:35:24,870 --> 00:35:22,960
those rocks you have a lot of more you

971
00:35:27,829 --> 00:35:24,880
have a lot more inorganic carbon that's

972
00:35:30,950 --> 00:35:27,839
precipitated and then a recent example

973
00:35:33,750 --> 00:35:30,960
from oman where they were looking at

974
00:35:36,069 --> 00:35:33,760
travertine veins and the c14 ages of

975
00:35:37,829 --> 00:35:36,079
those travertine veins where again you

976
00:35:40,790 --> 00:35:37,839
have a lot of inorganic carbon that's

977
00:35:44,390 --> 00:35:40,800
been precipitated in these veins

978
00:35:48,230 --> 00:35:44,400
over a pretty wide range of time frame

979
00:35:50,310 --> 00:35:48,240
and so one of the questions that's still

980
00:35:52,630 --> 00:35:50,320
being constrained is how quantitative

981
00:35:55,030 --> 00:35:52,640
and how rapid is this calcium carbonate

982
00:35:56,950 --> 00:35:55,040
precipitation and the answer to that

983
00:35:59,910 --> 00:35:56,960
will have

984
00:36:01,990 --> 00:35:59,920
an impact on both

985
00:36:04,710 --> 00:36:02,000
what material is available as a starting

986
00:36:07,910 --> 00:36:04,720
material for abiotic reactions for

987
00:36:09,510 --> 00:36:07,920
microbes for microbes in the subsurface

988
00:36:10,950 --> 00:36:09,520
and obviously a lot of people are

989
00:36:12,790 --> 00:36:10,960
interested in it

990
00:36:17,750 --> 00:36:12,800
from the standpoint of trying to

991
00:36:21,829 --> 00:36:19,510
and so once the fluids are in the

992
00:36:23,910 --> 00:36:21,839
subsurface and are in some sort of

993
00:36:25,270 --> 00:36:23,920
reaction zone

994
00:36:28,150 --> 00:36:25,280
it's a little hard to start

995
00:36:30,630 --> 00:36:28,160
distinguishing what happens in

996
00:36:32,550 --> 00:36:30,640
that area in that region versus what's

997
00:36:34,950 --> 00:36:32,560
happening in the surface which is

998
00:36:38,150 --> 00:36:34,960
something that billy also alluded to

999
00:36:40,150 --> 00:36:38,160
and so um what i thought i would do is

1000
00:36:42,710 --> 00:36:40,160
now focus a little bit more on oceanic

1001
00:36:45,270 --> 00:36:42,720
systems and look at some of the n-member

1002
00:36:47,510 --> 00:36:45,280
fluids from one particular oceanic

1003
00:36:49,910 --> 00:36:47,520
system and try and

1004
00:36:51,270 --> 00:36:49,920
use some evidence

1005
00:36:52,390 --> 00:36:51,280
to talk about

1006
00:36:54,710 --> 00:36:52,400
what might be happening in the

1007
00:36:57,190 --> 00:36:54,720
subsurface versus what's happening more

1008
00:36:58,069 --> 00:36:57,200
towards the surface but really the

1009
00:36:59,990 --> 00:36:58,079
the

1010
00:37:02,069 --> 00:37:00,000
easiest way to go about that at this

1011
00:37:03,829 --> 00:37:02,079
point is to look at some of the fluid

1012
00:37:05,030 --> 00:37:03,839
chemistry in the n member fluids

1013
00:37:06,710 --> 00:37:05,040
although

1014
00:37:09,589 --> 00:37:06,720
folks will be talking a little bit later

1015
00:37:11,349 --> 00:37:09,599
today about some other approaches to try

1016
00:37:13,109 --> 00:37:11,359
and get at what's happening in the rocks

1017
00:37:14,470 --> 00:37:13,119
versus what's happening more towards the

1018
00:37:16,470 --> 00:37:14,480
surface

1019
00:37:19,030 --> 00:37:16,480
and so the system that

1020
00:37:20,790 --> 00:37:19,040
i'm going to focus on is the lost city

1021
00:37:23,670 --> 00:37:20,800
hydrothermal system

1022
00:37:25,750 --> 00:37:23,680
the map in the upper left is um is the

1023
00:37:26,950 --> 00:37:25,760
location of the field is there in a

1024
00:37:27,829 --> 00:37:26,960
white dot

1025
00:37:30,230 --> 00:37:27,839
and

1026
00:37:32,150 --> 00:37:30,240
on the bottom left there's a cartoon of

1027
00:37:34,470 --> 00:37:32,160
the way we

1028
00:37:37,190 --> 00:37:34,480
visualize what might be happening with

1029
00:37:39,190 --> 00:37:37,200
the fluids and in general what we think

1030
00:37:41,829 --> 00:37:39,200
is happening is that there's a single

1031
00:37:42,870 --> 00:37:41,839
n-member fluid that's feeding the the

1032
00:37:47,430 --> 00:37:42,880
field

1033
00:37:48,310 --> 00:37:47,440
have higher temperatures

1034
00:37:52,230 --> 00:37:48,320
and

1035
00:37:54,790 --> 00:37:52,240
as you move to the periphery of the

1036
00:37:56,950 --> 00:37:54,800
field fluids are conductively cooled

1037
00:37:58,230 --> 00:37:56,960
they continue to undergo water rock

1038
00:38:00,390 --> 00:37:58,240
reactions

1039
00:38:02,069 --> 00:38:00,400
and you have a drawdown of hydrogen we

1040
00:38:03,349 --> 00:38:02,079
think mainly because of sulfate

1041
00:38:05,270 --> 00:38:03,359
reduction

1042
00:38:07,349 --> 00:38:05,280
and so these fluids

1043
00:38:09,750 --> 00:38:07,359
that are feeding the chimneys on the

1044
00:38:11,990 --> 00:38:09,760
edges of the field we think have been

1045
00:38:14,550 --> 00:38:12,000
more exposed to

1046
00:38:17,190 --> 00:38:14,560
microbial activity

1047
00:38:20,150 --> 00:38:17,200
i've tried to list here all the carbon

1048
00:38:22,630 --> 00:38:20,160
species that we've identified to date in

1049
00:38:24,790 --> 00:38:22,640
the lost city fluids

1050
00:38:26,470 --> 00:38:24,800
i i think it's pretty comprehensive but

1051
00:38:29,750 --> 00:38:26,480
i could be wrong

1052
00:38:32,870 --> 00:38:29,760
and i've organized it in

1053
00:38:34,230 --> 00:38:32,880
in by oxidation state so

1054
00:38:36,470 --> 00:38:34,240
we've already

1055
00:38:37,910 --> 00:38:36,480
i've already mentioned that

1056
00:38:39,750 --> 00:38:37,920
there's a lot of calcium carbonate

1057
00:38:42,790 --> 00:38:39,760
precipitation so

1058
00:38:43,829 --> 00:38:42,800
co2 in the surface

1059
00:38:47,430 --> 00:38:43,839
is

1060
00:38:49,430 --> 00:38:47,440
precipitated out as calcium carbonate

1061
00:38:51,910 --> 00:38:49,440
and so not surprising

1062
00:38:53,750 --> 00:38:51,920
is that these n-member fluids have very

1063
00:38:57,190 --> 00:38:53,760
low inorganic carbon

1064
00:38:59,430 --> 00:38:57,200
um present in the fluids and then on the

1065
00:39:02,630 --> 00:38:59,440
other end of the

1066
00:39:04,630 --> 00:39:02,640
of this list is very reduced material so

1067
00:39:06,150 --> 00:39:04,640
things like methane

1068
00:39:07,190 --> 00:39:06,160
and there's high concentrations of

1069
00:39:09,589 --> 00:39:07,200
methane

1070
00:39:11,349 --> 00:39:09,599
but um that can be challenging to use as

1071
00:39:14,470 --> 00:39:11,359
a starting material

1072
00:39:17,270 --> 00:39:14,480
in the anaerobic end member

1073
00:39:18,630 --> 00:39:17,280
for either abiotic reactions or for

1074
00:39:20,870 --> 00:39:18,640
microbial

1075
00:39:24,630 --> 00:39:20,880
metabolism

1076
00:39:27,510 --> 00:39:24,640
because it's already so reduced and so

1077
00:39:29,589 --> 00:39:27,520
the the question as we're looking at

1078
00:39:32,230 --> 00:39:29,599
what is present in these fluids so

1079
00:39:33,829 --> 00:39:32,240
methane is the most abundant

1080
00:39:36,790 --> 00:39:33,839
carbon species that's present in the

1081
00:39:39,270 --> 00:39:36,800
fluid followed by the single carbon

1082
00:39:43,030 --> 00:39:39,280
organic acid formate which is present

1083
00:39:46,310 --> 00:39:43,040
from 34 to 140 micromole and then you

1084
00:39:47,990 --> 00:39:46,320
have things like amino acids and acetate

1085
00:39:49,750 --> 00:39:48,000
that are also present

1086
00:39:51,910 --> 00:39:49,760
and so one of the questions that we've

1087
00:39:54,710 --> 00:39:51,920
been trying to address is

1088
00:39:57,829 --> 00:39:54,720
of these what's biologically produced

1089
00:39:59,270 --> 00:39:57,839
and what's a biologically produced

1090
00:40:01,430 --> 00:39:59,280
and there's a couple ways that we go

1091
00:40:03,349 --> 00:40:01,440
about that we can use geochemical

1092
00:40:04,790 --> 00:40:03,359
evidence to try and address that

1093
00:40:07,510 --> 00:40:04,800
question so

1094
00:40:09,670 --> 00:40:07,520
with things like amino acids we can look

1095
00:40:11,670 --> 00:40:09,680
at the distribution of the amino acids

1096
00:40:14,309 --> 00:40:11,680
compare them to what we would expect a

1097
00:40:16,309 --> 00:40:14,319
biological signature to look like so

1098
00:40:18,150 --> 00:40:16,319
what's the distribution of amino acids

1099
00:40:21,190 --> 00:40:18,160
in the surface ocean what's the

1100
00:40:23,430 --> 00:40:21,200
distribution of amino acids in

1101
00:40:25,270 --> 00:40:23,440
an autotrophic culture versus a culture

1102
00:40:27,910 --> 00:40:25,280
that's been said

1103
00:40:29,750 --> 00:40:27,920
that's heterotrophic and has been fed

1104
00:40:32,230 --> 00:40:29,760
phytoplankton or something along those

1105
00:40:34,150 --> 00:40:32,240
lines and so there's

1106
00:40:36,069 --> 00:40:34,160
just pure distribution arguments that

1107
00:40:37,430 --> 00:40:36,079
you can make to try and address some of

1108
00:40:38,950 --> 00:40:37,440
these questions

1109
00:40:41,349 --> 00:40:38,960
and from that

1110
00:40:43,910 --> 00:40:41,359
we have indications that amino acids for

1111
00:40:44,950 --> 00:40:43,920
example are biologically produced

1112
00:40:47,190 --> 00:40:44,960
and

1113
00:40:48,309 --> 00:40:47,200
things like acetate

1114
00:40:50,230 --> 00:40:48,319
is also

1115
00:40:53,750 --> 00:40:50,240
most likely biologically produced and

1116
00:40:57,030 --> 00:40:53,760
that's coming mainly from the um the

1117
00:40:59,510 --> 00:40:57,040
signatures of where acetate is highest

1118
00:41:00,950 --> 00:40:59,520
and we see the most acetate where we see

1119
00:41:03,190 --> 00:41:00,960
evidence of the most

1120
00:41:04,790 --> 00:41:03,200
uh microbial activity so it's most

1121
00:41:06,550 --> 00:41:04,800
likely something like a microbial

1122
00:41:08,069 --> 00:41:06,560
byproduct

1123
00:41:11,510 --> 00:41:08,079
another way we try and address these

1124
00:41:13,510 --> 00:41:11,520
questions is using c13 data and trying

1125
00:41:15,670 --> 00:41:13,520
and since people have done some very

1126
00:41:17,750 --> 00:41:15,680
extensive testing in

1127
00:41:19,829 --> 00:41:17,760
bench top experiments to try and look at

1128
00:41:23,109 --> 00:41:19,839
fractionation factors we can start

1129
00:41:26,870 --> 00:41:23,119
trying to use c13 to create an isotope

1130
00:41:29,270 --> 00:41:26,880
budget and look at sources of carbon and

1131
00:41:31,510 --> 00:41:29,280
and synthesis pathways and so that's

1132
00:41:34,550 --> 00:41:31,520
also been a very valuable tool

1133
00:41:36,790 --> 00:41:34,560
and then the final um

1134
00:41:39,109 --> 00:41:36,800
and then the final wave or one of the

1135
00:41:41,030 --> 00:41:39,119
other ways that we are trying to

1136
00:41:43,750 --> 00:41:41,040
approach these questions is by looking

1137
00:41:46,069 --> 00:41:43,760
at c14 signatures and so that's what i

1138
00:41:51,910 --> 00:41:46,079
wanted to talk a little bit more about

1139
00:41:54,790 --> 00:41:51,920
um and so this is a graph of uh c14

1140
00:41:55,670 --> 00:41:54,800
signatures is goes from about zero and

1141
00:41:58,390 --> 00:41:55,680
that's

1142
00:42:02,390 --> 00:41:58,400
um where mantle input comes from so

1143
00:42:04,069 --> 00:42:02,400
mantle in mantle carbon is c14 free and

1144
00:42:06,630 --> 00:42:04,079
on the other end of the spectrum you

1145
00:42:09,430 --> 00:42:06,640
have modern seawater which has a c14

1146
00:42:12,950 --> 00:42:09,440
signature of approximately one

1147
00:42:14,790 --> 00:42:12,960
and so from some c14 work is

1148
00:42:16,630 --> 00:42:14,800
is very useful in this type of

1149
00:42:18,630 --> 00:42:16,640
environment where you have these

1150
00:42:21,190 --> 00:42:18,640
very large n members very large

1151
00:42:23,030 --> 00:42:21,200
differences between the n members and so

1152
00:42:25,829 --> 00:42:23,040
you can start to distinguish at least

1153
00:42:26,790 --> 00:42:25,839
where the carbon sources are coming from

1154
00:42:31,190 --> 00:42:26,800
and

1155
00:42:33,589 --> 00:42:31,200
is

1156
00:42:35,430 --> 00:42:33,599
and so based on some previous work that

1157
00:42:38,069 --> 00:42:35,440
local seawater dissolved in organic

1158
00:42:40,870 --> 00:42:38,079
carbon not surprisingly is modern

1159
00:42:43,270 --> 00:42:40,880
um the chimneys as billy mentioned come

1160
00:42:46,390 --> 00:42:43,280
from this mixing zone this mixing of

1161
00:42:49,670 --> 00:42:46,400
this high ph fluid with local

1162
00:42:52,069 --> 00:42:49,680
bicarbonate and so those those carbonate

1163
00:42:53,510 --> 00:42:52,079
chimneys are also modern

1164
00:42:56,950 --> 00:42:53,520
and then

1165
00:42:59,510 --> 00:42:56,960
the methane in the system is c14 free

1166
00:43:01,109 --> 00:42:59,520
and has a c13 signature these numbers on

1167
00:43:03,990 --> 00:43:01,119
the bottom

1168
00:43:06,069 --> 00:43:04,000
of these is the c13 signature and so

1169
00:43:10,790 --> 00:43:06,079
that methane has a c13 signature of

1170
00:43:13,990 --> 00:43:10,800
about minus 12 per ml and is c14 free

1171
00:43:16,550 --> 00:43:14,000
and i thought i would mention that um

1172
00:43:18,710 --> 00:43:16,560
and so let me first say that so in law

1173
00:43:19,829 --> 00:43:18,720
city it's thought that the methane is

1174
00:43:22,470 --> 00:43:19,839
largely

1175
00:43:24,630 --> 00:43:22,480
um abiotically produced although there's

1176
00:43:27,670 --> 00:43:24,640
methanogens present who are probably

1177
00:43:28,630 --> 00:43:27,680
making methane and so there is probably

1178
00:43:32,630 --> 00:43:28,640
a

1179
00:43:33,510 --> 00:43:32,640
well

1180
00:43:35,829 --> 00:43:33,520
and

1181
00:43:38,069 --> 00:43:35,839
there's still questions of whether that

1182
00:43:40,150 --> 00:43:38,079
methane is

1183
00:43:42,790 --> 00:43:40,160
is created kind of on the fly as the

1184
00:43:44,710 --> 00:43:42,800
fluids pass through or if it's being

1185
00:43:46,550 --> 00:43:44,720
harvested from

1186
00:43:48,390 --> 00:43:46,560
fluid inclusions

1187
00:43:50,630 --> 00:43:48,400
and i did want to mention just going

1188
00:43:53,589 --> 00:43:50,640
back to continental systems that there's

1189
00:43:55,910 --> 00:43:53,599
methane present in those fluids as well

1190
00:43:58,150 --> 00:43:55,920
i've seen a couple of numbers of c14

1191
00:43:58,950 --> 00:43:58,160
from methane both in the literature and

1192
00:44:01,190 --> 00:43:58,960
from

1193
00:44:04,630 --> 00:44:01,200
work that we've done in the lab that

1194
00:44:07,270 --> 00:44:04,640
that methane is c14 free and so again

1195
00:44:09,589 --> 00:44:07,280
you need to have a source

1196
00:44:13,109 --> 00:44:09,599
initial carbon source from that

1197
00:44:15,510 --> 00:44:13,119
from that methane of um

1198
00:44:17,750 --> 00:44:15,520
of either coming from some c14 free

1199
00:44:19,270 --> 00:44:17,760
material like bicarb like calcium

1200
00:44:21,750 --> 00:44:19,280
carbonate that's been

1201
00:44:24,630 --> 00:44:21,760
um down there for a very long time or

1202
00:44:27,030 --> 00:44:24,640
from fluid inclusions

1203
00:44:28,870 --> 00:44:27,040
and so i've also plotted on here the

1204
00:44:31,430 --> 00:44:28,880
formate which is

1205
00:44:33,670 --> 00:44:31,440
data that we generated recently and so

1206
00:44:34,790 --> 00:44:33,680
depending on what location you are in in

1207
00:44:37,510 --> 00:44:34,800
the field

1208
00:44:39,349 --> 00:44:37,520
we have these different chimneys and you

1209
00:44:41,910 --> 00:44:39,359
have different concentrations of formate

1210
00:44:43,030 --> 00:44:41,920
across the field and so depending on

1211
00:44:47,430 --> 00:44:43,040
where you are

1212
00:44:48,470 --> 00:44:47,440
this formate is largely c14 free

1213
00:44:51,430 --> 00:44:48,480
and

1214
00:44:52,550 --> 00:44:51,440
in other places where we have other kind

1215
00:44:54,470 --> 00:44:52,560
of

1216
00:44:57,030 --> 00:44:54,480
indications that there's some local

1217
00:45:00,470 --> 00:44:57,040
mixing with local seawater some of that

1218
00:45:03,670 --> 00:45:00,480
format is starting to include a

1219
00:45:04,710 --> 00:45:03,680
relatively modern seawater signature and

1220
00:45:06,550 --> 00:45:04,720
so

1221
00:45:09,030 --> 00:45:06,560
um we've

1222
00:45:11,829 --> 00:45:09,040
while we were interpreting this um the

1223
00:45:14,630 --> 00:45:11,839
interpretation that we've um

1224
00:45:17,270 --> 00:45:14,640
settled on is that the c14 free format

1225
00:45:19,829 --> 00:45:17,280
has to be coming from the subsurface

1226
00:45:22,790 --> 00:45:19,839
where you still have a mantle

1227
00:45:26,230 --> 00:45:22,800
co2 signature that's available whereas

1228
00:45:28,550 --> 00:45:26,240
these this additional input of more

1229
00:45:31,030 --> 00:45:28,560
modern formate is most likely

1230
00:45:33,030 --> 00:45:31,040
biologically derived

1231
00:45:35,430 --> 00:45:33,040
because this is happening in temperature

1232
00:45:36,710 --> 00:45:35,440
regimes um where

1233
00:45:38,870 --> 00:45:36,720
where would

1234
00:45:40,390 --> 00:45:38,880
where microbial activity is a lot more

1235
00:45:41,750 --> 00:45:40,400
favorable

1236
00:45:43,750 --> 00:45:41,760
um

1237
00:45:46,069 --> 00:45:43,760
and so if i was just going to be

1238
00:45:47,430 --> 00:45:46,079
extraordinarily simplistic and just put

1239
00:45:48,870 --> 00:45:47,440
some check marks

1240
00:45:51,190 --> 00:45:48,880
on things

1241
00:45:54,550 --> 00:45:51,200
i would say that something like methane

1242
00:45:55,990 --> 00:45:54,560
is predominantly abiotic and i haven't

1243
00:45:57,670 --> 00:45:56,000
talked at all about the short chain

1244
00:46:00,470 --> 00:45:57,680
hydrocarbons but based on some

1245
00:46:02,470 --> 00:46:00,480
geochemical and some c13 signatures

1246
00:46:05,349 --> 00:46:02,480
there's also indication that that's a

1247
00:46:08,550 --> 00:46:05,359
biological whereas amino acids and

1248
00:46:10,470 --> 00:46:08,560
acetate are most likely biological and

1249
00:46:12,550 --> 00:46:10,480
formate probably has this mixed

1250
00:46:14,470 --> 00:46:12,560
signature

1251
00:46:17,030 --> 00:46:14,480
and so now as we're moving up and

1252
00:46:18,950 --> 00:46:17,040
definitively in the chimneys there's

1253
00:46:20,309 --> 00:46:18,960
been quite some work in those

1254
00:46:21,670 --> 00:46:20,319
environments

1255
00:46:23,430 --> 00:46:21,680
to

1256
00:46:25,510 --> 00:46:23,440
first of all we know there's a lot more

1257
00:46:27,589 --> 00:46:25,520
carbonate precipitation because there's

1258
00:46:29,270 --> 00:46:27,599
large carbonate chimneys

1259
00:46:30,710 --> 00:46:29,280
but there's been quite some work by

1260
00:46:32,710 --> 00:46:30,720
people like matt shrank and billy

1261
00:46:34,150 --> 00:46:32,720
brazelton to characterize the

1262
00:46:36,470 --> 00:46:34,160
communities that are in those

1263
00:46:37,990 --> 00:46:36,480
environments and there's a fairly

1264
00:46:39,670 --> 00:46:38,000
significant difference between the

1265
00:46:42,309 --> 00:46:39,680
communities that are inhabiting the

1266
00:46:45,349 --> 00:46:42,319
interior of these chimneys where it's

1267
00:46:48,710 --> 00:46:45,359
dominated by anaerobic

1268
00:46:50,870 --> 00:46:48,720
anaerobic processes and the exterior of

1269
00:46:52,150 --> 00:46:50,880
these chimneys where you see

1270
00:46:55,670 --> 00:46:52,160
more

1271
00:46:57,670 --> 00:46:55,680
exposure to local oxidized seawater

1272
00:46:59,750 --> 00:46:57,680
and so

1273
00:47:01,510 --> 00:46:59,760
um and this is just a picture of an

1274
00:47:03,349 --> 00:47:01,520
up-close picture of some of the dense

1275
00:47:04,470 --> 00:47:03,359
biofilms that you can see in some of

1276
00:47:08,550 --> 00:47:04,480
these

1277
00:47:11,349 --> 00:47:08,560
and they're very close association with

1278
00:47:12,390 --> 00:47:11,359
things like bruce sites

1279
00:47:13,589 --> 00:47:12,400
um

1280
00:47:14,790 --> 00:47:13,599
and so

1281
00:47:18,069 --> 00:47:14,800
one

1282
00:47:19,670 --> 00:47:18,079
approach to try and get a better idea of

1283
00:47:21,270 --> 00:47:19,680
what's happening

1284
00:47:23,430 --> 00:47:21,280
with these microbial communities in

1285
00:47:25,750 --> 00:47:23,440
these chimneys is to look at things like

1286
00:47:28,309 --> 00:47:25,760
specific biomarkers that these

1287
00:47:31,829 --> 00:47:28,319
communities can form

1288
00:47:35,030 --> 00:47:31,839
and this and so if you are talking about

1289
00:47:36,950 --> 00:47:35,040
bacterial communities a lot of

1290
00:47:40,390 --> 00:47:36,960
these bacterial communities produce

1291
00:47:43,510 --> 00:47:40,400
fatty acids in particular and from some

1292
00:47:46,150 --> 00:47:43,520
c13 work of alex bradley

1293
00:47:46,950 --> 00:47:46,160
um and co-workers they've already shown

1294
00:47:49,990 --> 00:47:46,960
that

1295
00:47:53,190 --> 00:47:50,000
in the exterior chimney or they've

1296
00:47:55,589 --> 00:47:53,200
interpreted that the c16 fatty acids

1297
00:47:59,270 --> 00:47:55,599
with a single double bond in them

1298
00:48:02,309 --> 00:47:59,280
have a c13 signature of about -20 and

1299
00:48:04,790 --> 00:48:02,319
they've interpreted that as indicating

1300
00:48:06,230 --> 00:48:04,800
that there's an exterior

1301
00:48:09,349 --> 00:48:06,240
that it's coming from one of these

1302
00:48:11,030 --> 00:48:09,359
exterior exterior biolog

1303
00:48:13,510 --> 00:48:11,040
sorry

1304
00:48:17,349 --> 00:48:13,520
microbial communities that has a little

1305
00:48:19,430 --> 00:48:17,359
bit easier access to local dic

1306
00:48:22,150 --> 00:48:19,440
whereas in contrast as you get into the

1307
00:48:24,309 --> 00:48:22,160
interior of the chimney

1308
00:48:27,910 --> 00:48:24,319
the bacteria don't have as easy of an

1309
00:48:30,870 --> 00:48:27,920
access to inorganic carbon and the c13

1310
00:48:33,109 --> 00:48:30,880
signatures turn to be more

1311
00:48:35,910 --> 00:48:33,119
around minus nine

1312
00:48:37,670 --> 00:48:35,920
and so and then the other community

1313
00:48:39,829 --> 00:48:37,680
that's present in the interior of the

1314
00:48:42,870 --> 00:48:39,839
chimneys is the methanosarcinalis

1315
00:48:45,670 --> 00:48:42,880
velocity methanoces in particular tends

1316
00:48:47,750 --> 00:48:45,680
to dominate the anoxic interior of a lot

1317
00:48:52,309 --> 00:48:47,760
of these chimneys and they produce a

1318
00:48:54,390 --> 00:48:52,319
very diagnostic biomarker called pmis

1319
00:48:56,710 --> 00:48:54,400
and so these numbers that are up here

1320
00:48:59,589 --> 00:48:56,720
right now are actually the c13

1321
00:49:02,069 --> 00:48:59,599
signatures of one particular chimney in

1322
00:49:03,190 --> 00:49:02,079
the lost city field

1323
00:49:05,910 --> 00:49:03,200
that we

1324
00:49:07,990 --> 00:49:05,920
took and we analyzed the c13 signatures

1325
00:49:10,230 --> 00:49:08,000
of them and the numbers are consistent

1326
00:49:11,670 --> 00:49:10,240
with what other people have seen in the

1327
00:49:13,430 --> 00:49:11,680
past

1328
00:49:15,990 --> 00:49:13,440
and then we went on to also look at

1329
00:49:18,470 --> 00:49:16,000
their c14 signatures to try and get a

1330
00:49:21,510 --> 00:49:18,480
little bit more insight into what their

1331
00:49:24,069 --> 00:49:21,520
metabolisms were and so consistent with

1332
00:49:25,510 --> 00:49:24,079
what was suggested just based on the c13

1333
00:49:28,309 --> 00:49:25,520
data

1334
00:49:29,430 --> 00:49:28,319
the bacterial community is kind of split

1335
00:49:30,390 --> 00:49:29,440
and so

1336
00:49:34,150 --> 00:49:30,400
the

1337
00:49:36,710 --> 00:49:34,160
biomarkers that have a more negative c13

1338
00:49:39,349 --> 00:49:36,720
signature have a more modern signature

1339
00:49:40,790 --> 00:49:39,359
and whereas those that seem to be

1340
00:49:44,150 --> 00:49:40,800
undergoing some sort of carbon

1341
00:49:45,430 --> 00:49:44,160
limitation have a more c14 free

1342
00:49:47,190 --> 00:49:45,440
signature

1343
00:49:48,230 --> 00:49:47,200
and whereas the

1344
00:49:53,430 --> 00:49:48,240
the

1345
00:49:54,230 --> 00:49:53,440
this more mixed signature

1346
00:49:55,990 --> 00:49:54,240
and

1347
00:49:58,790 --> 00:49:56,000
some work that billy brazelton has done

1348
00:50:00,710 --> 00:49:58,800
has demonstrated that it's very likely

1349
00:50:02,309 --> 00:50:00,720
that these um

1350
00:50:04,710 --> 00:50:02,319
archaea may not be able to take up

1351
00:50:06,630 --> 00:50:04,720
formate directly and so it may be that

1352
00:50:08,790 --> 00:50:06,640
they're relying on some sort of

1353
00:50:10,309 --> 00:50:08,800
inorganic carbon source so the way we've

1354
00:50:12,390 --> 00:50:10,319
interpreted all this

1355
00:50:14,230 --> 00:50:12,400
is that you have some sort of formate

1356
00:50:16,069 --> 00:50:14,240
source that's coming from the subsurface

1357
00:50:19,430 --> 00:50:16,079
and abiotically produced

1358
00:50:20,710 --> 00:50:19,440
it's um it's utilized by sulfate

1359
00:50:23,109 --> 00:50:20,720
reducers and in the formate

1360
00:50:25,510 --> 00:50:23,119
dehydrogenase gene you have rapid

1361
00:50:26,470 --> 00:50:25,520
conversion between formate and inorganic

1362
00:50:33,990 --> 00:50:26,480
carbon

1363
00:50:37,030 --> 00:50:34,000
this new mixed

1364
00:50:39,030 --> 00:50:37,040
inorganic carbon pool can be used by

1365
00:50:40,790 --> 00:50:39,040
autotrophs or

1366
00:50:42,630 --> 00:50:40,800
uh the sulfate reducers could also

1367
00:50:44,710 --> 00:50:42,640
potentially produce organics that are

1368
00:50:47,510 --> 00:50:44,720
used by heterotrophs

1369
00:50:50,230 --> 00:50:47,520
and so just to wrap up some of the major

1370
00:50:51,589 --> 00:50:50,240
things that uh that we're thinking about

1371
00:50:54,309 --> 00:50:51,599
so during downwelling you have the

1372
00:50:57,030 --> 00:50:54,319
removal of inorganic carbon the question

1373
00:50:59,510 --> 00:50:57,040
as to the fate of organic carbon that's

1374
00:51:01,430 --> 00:50:59,520
present in deep sea water and hopefully

1375
00:51:04,630 --> 00:51:01,440
beth and matt will talk a little bit

1376
00:51:06,870 --> 00:51:04,640
about the biosphere in kind of these

1377
00:51:09,190 --> 00:51:06,880
really rocky locations

1378
00:51:11,910 --> 00:51:09,200
in the subsurface you have this mantle

1379
00:51:14,230 --> 00:51:11,920
input of inorganic carbon

1380
00:51:16,150 --> 00:51:14,240
probably conversion to formate there is

1381
00:51:18,470 --> 00:51:16,160
also evidence that there's precipitation

1382
00:51:20,710 --> 00:51:18,480
of this mantle co2 as bicarbonate you

1383
00:51:22,470 --> 00:51:20,720
can see that in some of the 180 data

1384
00:51:25,990 --> 00:51:22,480
from

1385
00:51:29,030 --> 00:51:26,000
and there's conversion or there's

1386
00:51:30,950 --> 00:51:29,040
addition of methane and alkanes

1387
00:51:34,150 --> 00:51:30,960
and then there's the c4 expression for

1388
00:51:36,630 --> 00:51:34,160
their precipitation and microbial

1389
00:51:40,549 --> 00:51:36,640
uptake and so i will leave it there and

1390
00:51:43,910 --> 00:51:41,990
i can see there's

1391
00:51:46,309 --> 00:51:43,920
questions over here

1392
00:51:47,190 --> 00:51:46,319
yeah thanks dude

1393
00:51:48,309 --> 00:51:47,200
um

1394
00:51:53,109 --> 00:51:48,319
i

1395
00:51:54,950 --> 00:51:53,119
um

1396
00:51:57,670 --> 00:51:54,960
i don't know

1397
00:51:59,430 --> 00:51:57,680
that we've i think it would show up in

1398
00:52:02,390 --> 00:51:59,440
some of the analyses that we've done

1399
00:52:04,390 --> 00:52:02,400
particularly the short chain and alkane

1400
00:52:06,549 --> 00:52:04,400
analyses we should see acetylene

1401
00:52:08,309 --> 00:52:06,559
and so i don't think that anyone's seen

1402
00:52:11,190 --> 00:52:08,319
it or at least i've not seen any reports

1403
00:52:15,030 --> 00:52:13,030
and the c13 might be misleading if

1404
00:52:16,470 --> 00:52:15,040
examined in other settings

1405
00:52:20,150 --> 00:52:16,480
i would say

1406
00:52:22,230 --> 00:52:20,160
examined in this setting

1407
00:52:25,670 --> 00:52:22,240
um and so

1408
00:52:27,589 --> 00:52:25,680
uh yes i think c13 has

1409
00:52:30,870 --> 00:52:27,599
c13 is great

1410
00:52:33,829 --> 00:52:30,880
sorry i will reread the question um

1411
00:52:36,150 --> 00:52:33,839
c13 might be misleading if examined in

1412
00:52:38,390 --> 00:52:36,160
other settings have similar trends been

1413
00:52:40,870 --> 00:52:38,400
observed in other vent systems do fatty

1414
00:52:44,829 --> 00:52:40,880
acids have diagnostic oxygen and

1415
00:52:48,390 --> 00:52:44,839
hydrogen isotopic signatures

1416
00:52:51,430 --> 00:52:48,400
um so again i would say c13 can be

1417
00:52:52,549 --> 00:52:51,440
misleading in this setting

1418
00:52:53,510 --> 00:52:52,559
um

1419
00:52:56,870 --> 00:52:53,520
the

1420
00:52:59,190 --> 00:52:56,880
great thing about c13 is it records in

1421
00:53:01,430 --> 00:52:59,200
addition to recording

1422
00:53:04,309 --> 00:53:01,440
the source of carbon it's recording a

1423
00:53:05,829 --> 00:53:04,319
process that's happened to that carbon

1424
00:53:09,030 --> 00:53:05,839
but you

1425
00:53:11,349 --> 00:53:09,040
have to consider that the signature of

1426
00:53:12,950 --> 00:53:11,359
the source can always change based on

1427
00:53:15,670 --> 00:53:12,960
other processes that's happened with

1428
00:53:18,470 --> 00:53:15,680
that source and that the

1429
00:53:22,230 --> 00:53:18,480
signature of the process can change

1430
00:53:26,150 --> 00:53:24,150
surprisingly things like how much energy

1431
00:53:27,990 --> 00:53:26,160
is available so how much hydrogen is

1432
00:53:30,069 --> 00:53:28,000
present can change the isotope

1433
00:53:31,270 --> 00:53:30,079
signatures of

1434
00:53:34,790 --> 00:53:31,280
of the

1435
00:53:37,910 --> 00:53:34,800
newly created material and so c13 has to

1436
00:53:41,510 --> 00:53:37,920
be thought about very very carefully

1437
00:53:43,270 --> 00:53:41,520
the fatty acids look pretty the delta d

1438
00:53:45,190 --> 00:53:43,280
signatures of the fatty acids look

1439
00:53:46,150 --> 00:53:45,200
pretty similar to what you would expect

1440
00:53:51,030 --> 00:53:46,160
for

1441
00:53:52,470 --> 00:53:51,040
activity

1442
00:53:54,230 --> 00:53:52,480
and so

1443
00:53:55,829 --> 00:53:54,240
if the question is is whether or not you

1444
00:53:59,510 --> 00:53:55,839
can use that to distinguish between

1445
00:54:03,510 --> 00:54:01,190
synthesis reactions i'd have to think

1446
00:54:06,150 --> 00:54:03,520
about it a little bit more

1447
00:54:07,910 --> 00:54:06,160
the fatty acids look biological but i

1448
00:54:11,109 --> 00:54:07,920
can't think off the top of my head of

1449
00:54:12,790 --> 00:54:11,119
what the dh signature is of

1450
00:54:14,870 --> 00:54:12,800
alkanes that have been produced

1451
00:54:16,549 --> 00:54:14,880
abiotically so i don't know that off the

1452
00:54:19,190 --> 00:54:16,559
top of my head

1453
00:54:20,870 --> 00:54:19,200
susan this is susan this is alexis i

1454
00:54:23,190 --> 00:54:20,880
just want to stop you for a sec because

1455
00:54:26,150 --> 00:54:23,200
we're getting so much information

1456
00:54:27,829 --> 00:54:26,160
gonna um let oh no it's fantastic and

1457
00:54:29,589 --> 00:54:27,839
i'm just sort of trying to absorb it and

1458
00:54:30,950 --> 00:54:29,599
and i think billy has a bunch of

1459
00:54:32,549 --> 00:54:30,960
questions coming in from the audience

1460
00:54:34,230 --> 00:54:32,559
that um he can

1461
00:54:36,069 --> 00:54:34,240
walk through with you just so we all

1462
00:54:36,950 --> 00:54:36,079
have time to see them separated out a

1463
00:54:38,230 --> 00:54:36,960
little bit

1464
00:54:40,549 --> 00:54:38,240
it'd be great with the other speakers

1465
00:54:41,990 --> 00:54:40,559
too if we can have a look like take that

1466
00:54:44,150 --> 00:54:42,000
down so we have just a little time to

1467
00:54:47,750 --> 00:54:44,160
know what the the questions are too

1468
00:54:47,760 --> 00:54:52,630
thanks for addressing my question

1469
00:54:55,270 --> 00:54:53,990
um

1470
00:54:59,829 --> 00:54:55,280
so how do you

1471
00:55:03,190 --> 00:55:01,750
how would you like to proceed bill i

1472
00:55:05,270 --> 00:55:03,200
think you're muted i think you're trying

1473
00:55:07,109 --> 00:55:05,280
to just yeah sorry

1474
00:55:09,030 --> 00:55:07,119
uh

1475
00:55:11,109 --> 00:55:09,040
i'm not sure either let's i guess we can

1476
00:55:13,349 --> 00:55:11,119
move on to amy's question and the first

1477
00:55:15,270 --> 00:55:13,359
half of it i can answer for you which is

1478
00:55:18,549 --> 00:55:15,280
that we don't find any obvious acetogens

1479
00:55:22,150 --> 00:55:18,559
but acidogens are not always obviously

1480
00:55:24,150 --> 00:55:22,160
easy to detect um and then i'll

1481
00:55:25,589 --> 00:55:24,160
let you answer her second question which

1482
00:55:28,710 --> 00:55:25,599
is do you think this is being formed in

1483
00:55:33,270 --> 00:55:31,030
um i think that the

1484
00:55:35,510 --> 00:55:33,280
acetate is being i assume you're asking

1485
00:55:37,589 --> 00:55:35,520
if the acetate is being formed in the

1486
00:55:40,069 --> 00:55:37,599
downwelling location i think it's being

1487
00:55:43,589 --> 00:55:40,079
formed in the chimneys based on the c13

1488
00:55:47,589 --> 00:55:43,599
signatures that we have of the acetate

1489
00:55:49,910 --> 00:55:47,599
and so they're a little unusual given

1490
00:55:52,870 --> 00:55:49,920
what you normally see with acetate

1491
00:55:55,030 --> 00:55:52,880
and the easiest way to explain them is

1492
00:55:56,789 --> 00:55:55,040
that the biomass

1493
00:55:57,750 --> 00:55:56,799
if you just take bulk biomass in the

1494
00:55:58,870 --> 00:55:57,760
chimney

1495
00:56:00,789 --> 00:55:58,880
it's

1496
00:56:03,109 --> 00:56:00,799
more enriched in c13 than what you

1497
00:56:04,789 --> 00:56:03,119
normally expect with bulk biomass again

1498
00:56:06,309 --> 00:56:04,799
because you have such a carbon limited

1499
00:56:09,190 --> 00:56:06,319
system

1500
00:56:12,470 --> 00:56:09,200
but if you take kind of very traditional

1501
00:56:14,950 --> 00:56:12,480
values of the fractionation between bulk

1502
00:56:17,990 --> 00:56:14,960
biomass and the breakdown of that bulk

1503
00:56:19,750 --> 00:56:18,000
biomass under anaerobic conditions

1504
00:56:21,430 --> 00:56:19,760
you would produce acetate that'd be one

1505
00:56:24,870 --> 00:56:21,440
of the expected outcomes and that

1506
00:56:27,109 --> 00:56:24,880
acetate has a c13 signature that's

1507
00:56:29,190 --> 00:56:27,119
consistent with that being the process

1508
00:56:30,630 --> 00:56:29,200
that you basically have some heterotroph

1509
00:56:33,750 --> 00:56:30,640
eating out the bulk biomass and

1510
00:56:35,589 --> 00:56:33,760
producing acetate

1511
00:56:38,069 --> 00:56:35,599
then one more question from jen and then

1512
00:56:40,549 --> 00:56:38,079
we'll move on to the next talk perhaps

1513
00:56:42,309 --> 00:56:40,559
about whether dc the

1514
00:56:44,950 --> 00:56:42,319
c13 changes with the age of the

1515
00:56:47,670 --> 00:56:44,960
carbonate

1516
00:56:50,789 --> 00:56:47,680
um that's a great question i'd let me

1517
00:56:52,789 --> 00:56:50,799
think about that for a second i don't

1518
00:56:56,829 --> 00:56:52,799
think so

1519
00:57:00,069 --> 00:56:56,839
but i could be wrong i think that there

1520
00:57:03,030 --> 00:57:00,079
is um i don't remember that i don't

1521
00:57:06,549 --> 00:57:03,040
remember the c13 signatures

1522
00:57:08,870 --> 00:57:06,559
versus c14 signatures off the top of my

1523
00:57:12,069 --> 00:57:08,880
head there is a relationship

1524
00:57:15,750 --> 00:57:12,079
now that i'm thinking about it um

1525
00:57:18,710 --> 00:57:15,760
and you end up getting more negative

1526
00:57:19,750 --> 00:57:18,720
c13 signatures where the carbonate is a

1527
00:57:21,109 --> 00:57:19,760
little bit

1528
00:57:22,390 --> 00:57:21,119
older

1529
00:57:24,870 --> 00:57:22,400
um

1530
00:57:27,829 --> 00:57:24,880
and so

1531
00:57:30,309 --> 00:57:27,839
yes

1532
00:57:33,349 --> 00:57:30,319
assuming that c148 is purely reflecting

1533
00:57:37,430 --> 00:57:35,030
yes no answer awesome

1534
00:57:40,150 --> 00:57:39,030
there's some more questions probably

1535
00:57:42,470 --> 00:57:40,160
going to be some more questions for

1536
00:57:45,030 --> 00:57:42,480
susan and i'll let her and the rest of

1537
00:57:46,870 --> 00:57:45,040
us answer them in the chat window and

1538
00:57:48,470 --> 00:57:46,880
we'll move on to the next talk thank you

1539
00:58:03,109 --> 00:57:48,480
very much susan

1540
00:58:05,589 --> 00:58:04,470
okay everett i promote you to a

1541
00:58:08,390 --> 00:58:05,599
presenter if you want to start your

1542
00:58:10,710 --> 00:58:08,400
webcam and then uh mute your phone

1543
00:58:12,470 --> 00:58:10,720
well we're ready for you

1544
00:58:14,470 --> 00:58:12,480
okay i think i've done those things can

1545
00:58:16,230 --> 00:58:14,480
you hear me

1546
00:58:17,829 --> 00:58:16,240
uh yes we can hear you we can't see you

1547
00:58:19,430 --> 00:58:17,839
yet though if you want to start that uh

1548
00:58:21,589 --> 00:58:19,440
you might not have clicked start sharing

1549
00:58:23,910 --> 00:58:21,599
on your webcam

1550
00:58:28,390 --> 00:58:26,150
i can see me which is kind of disturbing

1551
00:58:32,230 --> 00:58:30,390
so in the middle of your webcam preview

1552
00:58:34,829 --> 00:58:32,240
there's a button that says start sharing

1553
00:58:39,349 --> 00:58:37,910
that tell me again where it is

1554
00:58:41,270 --> 00:58:39,359
it should be right in the middle of your

1555
00:58:44,230 --> 00:58:41,280
webcam view

1556
00:58:44,240 --> 00:58:48,309
oh sure enough start sharing

1557
00:58:51,349 --> 00:58:49,190
all right

1558
00:58:53,030 --> 00:58:51,359
take it away

1559
00:58:56,630 --> 00:58:53,040
all right well we're going to crawl uh

1560
00:58:59,670 --> 00:58:56,640
out of the ocean and on to the land uh

1561
00:59:03,030 --> 00:58:59,680
and so this image we're starting with is

1562
00:59:06,390 --> 00:59:03,040
uh from oman where the mountain range

1563
00:59:07,910 --> 00:59:06,400
back behind me there is um

1564
00:59:09,990 --> 00:59:07,920
you know a big hunk of the mantle and

1565
00:59:11,510 --> 00:59:10,000
it's an exciting place to visit because

1566
00:59:14,230 --> 00:59:11,520
you can walk around on the mantel it's

1567
00:59:17,829 --> 00:59:14,240
been studied for decades by

1568
00:59:19,510 --> 00:59:17,839
geologists and petrologists and

1569
00:59:23,109 --> 00:59:19,520
dynamics people

1570
00:59:24,230 --> 00:59:23,119
and really probably the same ophilite in

1571
00:59:28,390 --> 00:59:24,240
oman

1572
00:59:31,910 --> 00:59:28,400
is largely what we see in

1573
00:59:33,589 --> 00:59:31,920
the sort of textbook images of what the

1574
00:59:35,109 --> 00:59:33,599
earth's lithosphere is like the

1575
00:59:36,630 --> 00:59:35,119
lithosphere being

1576
00:59:39,510 --> 00:59:36,640
the um

1577
00:59:41,589 --> 00:59:39,520
rigid part of the crust and upper mantle

1578
00:59:43,829 --> 00:59:41,599
of the earth that is the parts that

1579
00:59:46,150 --> 00:59:43,839
actually getting pushed around and

1580
00:59:48,549 --> 00:59:46,160
as plates on the surface of the earth

1581
00:59:51,270 --> 00:59:48,559
now let's see somewhere here i'm sure

1582
00:59:53,109 --> 00:59:51,280
i'm supposed to see an arrow there it is

1583
00:59:56,309 --> 00:59:53,119
fantastic all right

1584
00:59:58,470 --> 00:59:56,319
so just quickly to orient ourselves oman

1585
00:59:59,750 --> 00:59:58,480
and southeastern corner of the arabian

1586
01:00:01,430 --> 00:59:59,760
peninsula

1587
01:00:03,670 --> 01:00:01,440
you can see let's see where is that

1588
01:00:05,430 --> 01:00:03,680
arrow thing

1589
01:00:07,030 --> 01:00:05,440
ah there it is

1590
01:00:11,510 --> 01:00:07,040
you can

1591
01:00:12,390 --> 01:00:11,520
mountains on even this map

1592
01:00:15,750 --> 01:00:12,400
and

1593
01:00:19,030 --> 01:00:15,760
if we look at a satellite image then

1594
01:00:20,470 --> 01:00:19,040
this mountain range here uh is

1595
01:00:23,670 --> 01:00:20,480
the um

1596
01:00:25,990 --> 01:00:23,680
these are the uh ultramafic rocks

1597
01:00:27,670 --> 01:00:26,000
uh that are the dark rocks here

1598
01:00:30,470 --> 01:00:27,680
that come from the

1599
01:00:31,990 --> 01:00:30,480
earth's upper mantle

1600
01:00:34,309 --> 01:00:32,000
as i said this has been studied for

1601
01:00:35,750 --> 01:00:34,319
decades by geologists and the general

1602
01:00:37,510 --> 01:00:35,760
story

1603
01:00:38,870 --> 01:00:37,520
is summarized here

1604
01:00:40,630 --> 01:00:38,880
and let me move that arrow out of the

1605
01:00:42,390 --> 01:00:40,640
way in a

1606
01:00:45,190 --> 01:00:42,400
nice cartoon view you have mantle

1607
01:00:46,950 --> 01:00:45,200
peridotite ocean crust

1608
01:00:50,309 --> 01:00:46,960
and then thrust faulting

1609
01:00:53,190 --> 01:00:50,319
that managed to slice down into the

1610
01:00:56,390 --> 01:00:53,200
mantle peridotite and send that

1611
01:00:59,190 --> 01:00:56,400
material up onto the continent which is

1612
01:01:01,589 --> 01:00:59,200
you know rather unusual it misbehaved

1613
01:01:03,589 --> 01:01:01,599
and didn't go down the subduction

1614
01:01:05,349 --> 01:01:03,599
uh zone like

1615
01:01:07,190 --> 01:01:05,359
would be expected so

1616
01:01:09,190 --> 01:01:07,200
the the fabulous thing is that it's

1617
01:01:10,870 --> 01:01:09,200
exposed to the surface you can walk

1618
01:01:12,710 --> 01:01:10,880
around have a view

1619
01:01:16,870 --> 01:01:12,720
eat lunch on the mantel various things

1620
01:01:21,829 --> 01:01:19,510
here's a zooming in on the area the

1621
01:01:25,430 --> 01:01:21,839
point here is not so much the details

1622
01:01:28,309 --> 01:01:25,440
but that these various locations

1623
01:01:30,950 --> 01:01:28,319
are places where

1624
01:01:32,230 --> 01:01:30,960
water appears at the surface as an arid

1625
01:01:33,750 --> 01:01:32,240
climate as you can tell from the

1626
01:01:35,270 --> 01:01:33,760
satellite image

1627
01:01:36,069 --> 01:01:35,280
and the first picture

1628
01:01:38,470 --> 01:01:36,079
but

1629
01:01:40,630 --> 01:01:38,480
there is an active hydrologic system and

1630
01:01:42,789 --> 01:01:40,640
when the water that infiltrates and

1631
01:01:44,950 --> 01:01:42,799
reacts with these ultramafic rocks

1632
01:01:48,789 --> 01:01:44,960
returns to the surface it has this

1633
01:01:51,270 --> 01:01:48,799
fantastic properties of very high ph

1634
01:01:53,670 --> 01:01:51,280
pushing up towards 12 in what we've

1635
01:01:56,870 --> 01:01:53,680
measured and

1636
01:01:59,349 --> 01:01:56,880
very reduced such that it contains

1637
01:02:08,150 --> 01:01:59,359
abundant dissolved methane

1638
01:02:10,309 --> 01:02:09,029
okay

1639
01:02:12,710 --> 01:02:10,319
um

1640
01:02:15,349 --> 01:02:12,720
and the point being that that has been

1641
01:02:17,430 --> 01:02:15,359
made at the beginning of this uh

1642
01:02:20,069 --> 01:02:17,440
meeting that you know we it seems rather

1643
01:02:22,230 --> 01:02:20,079
rare to find serpentine you know split

1644
01:02:24,390 --> 01:02:22,240
in a circinazation seems rare at the

1645
01:02:26,230 --> 01:02:24,400
surface because you have to have these

1646
01:02:27,910 --> 01:02:26,240
ultramafic rocks exposed especially on

1647
01:02:30,069 --> 01:02:27,920
the surface of the continents much more

1648
01:02:32,069 --> 01:02:30,079
common on the seafloor

1649
01:02:34,069 --> 01:02:32,079
but it's probably extraordinarily

1650
01:02:36,069 --> 01:02:34,079
ordinary kind of process in our solar

1651
01:02:37,829 --> 01:02:36,079
system because this sort of rock type

1652
01:02:40,309 --> 01:02:37,839
which after all makes up the majority of

1653
01:02:43,349 --> 01:02:40,319
the earth's upper mantle

1654
01:02:45,750 --> 01:02:43,359
is probably very common in in a you know

1655
01:02:47,750 --> 01:02:45,760
simplistic way it's sort of

1656
01:02:50,390 --> 01:02:47,760
similar to a lot of meteorite

1657
01:02:53,029 --> 01:02:50,400
compositions so the process of water

1658
01:02:55,430 --> 01:02:53,039
reacting with this type of material

1659
01:02:57,349 --> 01:02:55,440
leading to the alteration of culture

1660
01:02:59,190 --> 01:02:57,359
pensionization so so i'll move this

1661
01:03:00,829 --> 01:02:59,200
pointer around a little bit this dark

1662
01:03:02,630 --> 01:03:00,839
stuff is the less

1663
01:03:04,230 --> 01:03:02,640
altered

1664
01:03:07,270 --> 01:03:04,240
peridotite

1665
01:03:09,270 --> 01:03:07,280
ultramafic rock from the mantle and this

1666
01:03:11,349 --> 01:03:09,280
more the stuff in the veins is the

1667
01:03:13,029 --> 01:03:11,359
serpentine and carbonate

1668
01:03:16,710 --> 01:03:13,039
minerals that we've been

1669
01:03:21,109 --> 01:03:18,630
in thin section you see something like

1670
01:03:23,829 --> 01:03:21,119
this this is a transmitted light image

1671
01:03:25,270 --> 01:03:23,839
and i'll click to a polarized light

1672
01:03:27,430 --> 01:03:25,280
image

1673
01:03:28,789 --> 01:03:27,440
well maybe i'll go back there

1674
01:03:31,430 --> 01:03:28,799
so you see these

1675
01:03:33,589 --> 01:03:31,440
large open spaces here and then these

1676
01:03:36,549 --> 01:03:33,599
you know veins cross-cutting in this

1677
01:03:38,549 --> 01:03:36,559
incredibly complicated uh sort of system

1678
01:03:41,029 --> 01:03:38,559
if we go to the polarized light you can

1679
01:03:43,270 --> 01:03:41,039
see that these are large let me move the

1680
01:03:46,309 --> 01:03:43,280
arrow down here this is like a large

1681
01:03:49,109 --> 01:03:46,319
grain of olivine here crisp crossed by

1682
01:03:51,750 --> 01:03:49,119
these um

1683
01:03:54,069 --> 01:03:51,760
veinlets of serpentine

1684
01:03:57,270 --> 01:03:54,079
and then if we zoom in

1685
01:03:59,990 --> 01:03:57,280
um we see here here are these

1686
01:04:01,910 --> 01:04:00,000
veinlets of serpentine here and here and

1687
01:04:03,750 --> 01:04:01,920
so forth and that this stuff in the

1688
01:04:05,990 --> 01:04:03,760
background then being

1689
01:04:08,789 --> 01:04:06,000
the unaltered or certainly a lot less

1690
01:04:11,829 --> 01:04:08,799
altered uh rock from the mantle and then

1691
01:04:14,309 --> 01:04:11,839
then if we look in

1692
01:04:16,630 --> 01:04:14,319
reflected light in that same image you

1693
01:04:19,829 --> 01:04:16,640
can see these little shiny bits here

1694
01:04:21,670 --> 01:04:19,839
these white specks and those are the

1695
01:04:23,190 --> 01:04:21,680
bits in this case of magnetite

1696
01:04:26,470 --> 01:04:23,200
reflecting

1697
01:04:29,750 --> 01:04:26,480
light back to back to the camera so

1698
01:04:31,349 --> 01:04:29,760
you have a sequence of reactions and

1699
01:04:33,109 --> 01:04:31,359
we

1700
01:04:35,029 --> 01:04:33,119
can delve into this and

1701
01:04:38,230 --> 01:04:35,039
whatever detail anyone wants to in terms

1702
01:04:40,390 --> 01:04:38,240
of the overall process you don't always

1703
01:04:42,309 --> 01:04:40,400
have to have magnetite

1704
01:04:44,150 --> 01:04:42,319
you can still have hydrogen production

1705
01:04:47,109 --> 01:04:44,160
the magnet the connection here is that

1706
01:04:49,990 --> 01:04:47,119
the iron is being oxidized water is

1707
01:04:52,470 --> 01:04:50,000
being reduced to hydrogen

1708
01:04:54,710 --> 01:04:52,480
magnetite is just a screaming example of

1709
01:04:56,789 --> 01:04:54,720
that oxidized iron

1710
01:04:58,150 --> 01:04:56,799
going from a mixture of ferrous plus two

1711
01:05:02,630 --> 01:04:58,160
iron

1712
01:05:04,870 --> 01:05:02,640
a mixture of ferrous and ferric plus two

1713
01:05:07,750 --> 01:05:04,880
and plus three in the magnetite but you

1714
01:05:08,950 --> 01:05:07,760
can have ferric iron in the serpentine

1715
01:05:13,829 --> 01:05:08,960
and

1716
01:05:15,670 --> 01:05:13,839
lots of opportunities for hydrogen

1717
01:05:17,190 --> 01:05:15,680
production during the entire

1718
01:05:18,950 --> 01:05:17,200
process

1719
01:05:21,190 --> 01:05:18,960
all right so if we viewed this from

1720
01:05:24,309 --> 01:05:21,200
petrology let me move this arrow again

1721
01:05:26,950 --> 01:05:24,319
we have olivine in pyroxene the the

1722
01:05:29,430 --> 01:05:26,960
rocks are the minerals in the

1723
01:05:31,270 --> 01:05:29,440
unaltered rocks reacting with water and

1724
01:05:32,950 --> 01:05:31,280
carbon dioxide and we get serpentine

1725
01:05:34,630 --> 01:05:32,960
with maybe some brucite magnetic

1726
01:05:36,950 --> 01:05:34,640
carbonate minerals

1727
01:05:39,910 --> 01:05:36,960
when we look at this

1728
01:05:41,670 --> 01:05:39,920
from a geochemical process we still we

1729
01:05:44,789 --> 01:05:41,680
have the olivine and pyroxene reacting

1730
01:05:46,549 --> 01:05:44,799
with surface waters and air um giving us

1731
01:05:49,510 --> 01:05:46,559
serpentine blue site magnified carbonate

1732
01:05:52,150 --> 01:05:49,520
and these hyper alkaline solutions

1733
01:05:53,589 --> 01:05:52,160
that feature reduced gases and of course

1734
01:05:57,190 --> 01:05:53,599
the question that

1735
01:06:00,150 --> 01:05:57,200
we're also asking is how much of this

1736
01:06:01,910 --> 01:06:00,160
whole process is populated where and by

1737
01:06:03,670 --> 01:06:01,920
whom and those kind of questions are

1738
01:06:05,910 --> 01:06:03,680
being addressed by other people today in

1739
01:06:08,470 --> 01:06:05,920
more detail than me

1740
01:06:10,789 --> 01:06:08,480
so i'm going to focus in here on what

1741
01:06:12,710 --> 01:06:10,799
can happen here is a very simplified

1742
01:06:15,270 --> 01:06:12,720
cross-sectional view of again a

1743
01:06:18,549 --> 01:06:15,280
continentally exposed

1744
01:06:21,190 --> 01:06:18,559
ultramafic rocks oh my there we go

1745
01:06:22,630 --> 01:06:21,200
nearly lost my computer all right so you

1746
01:06:25,589 --> 01:06:22,640
have uh

1747
01:06:28,950 --> 01:06:25,599
let me get the arrow hey it's raining

1748
01:06:31,270 --> 01:06:28,960
shallow groundwater surface water tends

1749
01:06:32,710 --> 01:06:31,280
to be this magnesium

1750
01:06:35,349 --> 01:06:32,720
bicarbonate

1751
01:06:37,430 --> 01:06:35,359
enriched enriched composition and the

1752
01:06:39,670 --> 01:06:37,440
deeper water that's water that

1753
01:06:41,109 --> 01:06:39,680
circulates more deeply and

1754
01:06:43,190 --> 01:06:41,119
hydrates the

1755
01:06:45,829 --> 01:06:43,200
minerals more extensively

1756
01:06:47,589 --> 01:06:45,839
reappears at the surface is basically a

1757
01:06:49,910 --> 01:06:47,599
calcium hydroxide solution with a very

1758
01:06:51,910 --> 01:06:49,920
high ph and this is where

1759
01:06:54,390 --> 01:06:51,920
the um

1760
01:06:56,549 --> 01:06:54,400
and picks up the hydrogen

1761
01:06:59,990 --> 01:06:56,559
and brings the hydrogen and methane to

1762
01:07:02,710 --> 01:07:00,000
the surface as well

1763
01:07:04,069 --> 01:07:02,720
here's an example um right

1764
01:07:06,950 --> 01:07:04,079
of a

1765
01:07:10,390 --> 01:07:06,960
stream system with springs in it in oman

1766
01:07:11,670 --> 01:07:10,400
so this clearer greenish water up here

1767
01:07:14,230 --> 01:07:11,680
is that

1768
01:07:16,470 --> 01:07:14,240
surface water and right around in here

1769
01:07:19,190 --> 01:07:16,480
suddenly everything turns white as you

1770
01:07:22,150 --> 01:07:19,200
can see and what's happening is that

1771
01:07:25,029 --> 01:07:22,160
the calcium hydroxide solution is oozing

1772
01:07:27,109 --> 01:07:25,039
in here into the stream and can

1773
01:07:29,910 --> 01:07:27,119
the reactions are happening very rapidly

1774
01:07:32,630 --> 01:07:29,920
we have bicarbonate back here in the

1775
01:07:34,950 --> 01:07:32,640
water and you have calcium coming in

1776
01:07:36,470 --> 01:07:34,960
here and suddenly you get calcium

1777
01:07:38,630 --> 01:07:36,480
carbonate precipitation it's all that

1778
01:07:40,390 --> 01:07:38,640
white stuff you can even see bits of it

1779
01:07:42,390 --> 01:07:40,400
back here where there's a little bit of

1780
01:07:44,309 --> 01:07:42,400
steep coming in under the

1781
01:07:46,069 --> 01:07:44,319
under the pressure water so this is an

1782
01:07:49,029 --> 01:07:46,079
example of seeing both of those systems

1783
01:07:51,750 --> 01:07:49,039
here we are looking down there is my the

1784
01:07:54,069 --> 01:07:51,760
toe of my boot for scale here's that

1785
01:07:55,910 --> 01:07:54,079
calcium hydroxide solution

1786
01:07:58,870 --> 01:07:55,920
who's coming out of that crack right

1787
01:08:01,029 --> 01:07:58,880
there flowing down along this path

1788
01:08:04,470 --> 01:08:01,039
falls off the edge of the rock into the

1789
01:08:06,549 --> 01:08:04,480
stream and instantly there's a bunch of

1790
01:08:08,870 --> 01:08:06,559
calcium carbonate precipitation this is

1791
01:08:11,910 --> 01:08:08,880
a telltale sign that we've got the high

1792
01:08:14,950 --> 01:08:11,920
ph fluid interacting with the surface

1793
01:08:17,269 --> 01:08:14,960
fluid and then looking on downstream

1794
01:08:19,189 --> 01:08:17,279
it's pretty dramatic in many cases

1795
01:08:22,070 --> 01:08:19,199
where there's a lot of calcium carbonate

1796
01:08:24,870 --> 01:08:22,080
precipitation that sets up

1797
01:08:27,590 --> 01:08:24,880
these kind of stunning views

1798
01:08:30,309 --> 01:08:27,600
at least in omaha

1799
01:08:33,349 --> 01:08:30,319
all right so here here's what here's a

1800
01:08:35,510 --> 01:08:33,359
plot of magnesium as a function of ph

1801
01:08:37,749 --> 01:08:35,520
and you'll notice that at the very high

1802
01:08:39,430 --> 01:08:37,759
ph over here

1803
01:08:41,749 --> 01:08:39,440
there's very little

1804
01:08:44,390 --> 01:08:41,759
magnesium dissolved in the water those

1805
01:08:46,309 --> 01:08:44,400
spots that are clustered along the zero

1806
01:08:48,149 --> 01:08:46,319
axis there are

1807
01:08:50,630 --> 01:08:48,159
indeed there are values associated with

1808
01:08:52,789 --> 01:08:50,640
those but this is a linear scale over

1809
01:08:55,590 --> 01:08:52,799
here so it's very hard to see those

1810
01:08:57,990 --> 01:08:55,600
and then the fresher water the surface

1811
01:08:59,269 --> 01:08:58,000
water is represented by these things

1812
01:09:01,669 --> 01:08:59,279
over here

1813
01:09:03,829 --> 01:09:01,679
ph starting around eight here and

1814
01:09:06,390 --> 01:09:03,839
considerably more enriched magnesium and

1815
01:09:07,349 --> 01:09:06,400
in between in this zone is where you

1816
01:09:09,269 --> 01:09:07,359
would have

1817
01:09:12,149 --> 01:09:09,279
you have mixing between the two

1818
01:09:14,870 --> 01:09:12,159
in-members of the fresh water over here

1819
01:09:17,269 --> 01:09:14,880
the serpentinized fluid over there and

1820
01:09:19,829 --> 01:09:17,279
lo and behold you get things plotting in

1821
01:09:23,189 --> 01:09:19,839
between so this the serpentinization

1822
01:09:25,669 --> 01:09:23,199
process then is removing the magnesium

1823
01:09:28,070 --> 01:09:25,679
it removes silica sulfate dissolved in

1824
01:09:29,990 --> 01:09:28,080
organic carbon the plots look more or

1825
01:09:32,630 --> 01:09:30,000
less like this for these other

1826
01:09:35,349 --> 01:09:32,640
constituents of the system

1827
01:09:36,149 --> 01:09:35,359
contrast here's a plot of hydrogen so

1828
01:09:42,950 --> 01:09:36,159
here

1829
01:09:45,910 --> 01:09:42,960
ph the subpentanized fluids can be

1830
01:09:47,990 --> 01:09:45,920
enormously enriched in hydrogen relative

1831
01:09:51,430 --> 01:09:48,000
to these surface fluids again these are

1832
01:09:52,390 --> 01:09:51,440
measurements but they're way down in the

1833
01:09:54,709 --> 01:09:52,400
animal

1834
01:09:56,550 --> 01:09:54,719
level of dissolved hydrogen it's just

1835
01:09:59,350 --> 01:09:56,560
still kind of remarkable that even this

1836
01:10:01,590 --> 01:09:59,360
fresh water has this hydrogen wafting up

1837
01:10:03,990 --> 01:10:01,600
through it from below

1838
01:10:06,390 --> 01:10:04,000
you can see that although the

1839
01:10:08,790 --> 01:10:06,400
serpentinized fluid can be massively

1840
01:10:12,870 --> 01:10:08,800
enriched in hydrogen it can also have

1841
01:10:15,510 --> 01:10:12,880
very low hydrogen and this is probably

1842
01:10:17,750 --> 01:10:15,520
evidence of biological consumption of

1843
01:10:19,990 --> 01:10:17,760
that hydrogen that's being delivered

1844
01:10:23,030 --> 01:10:20,000
a plot of methane and a plot or a plot

1845
01:10:25,910 --> 01:10:23,040
of ammonia or sulfide look very much

1846
01:10:28,390 --> 01:10:25,920
like this and also calcium which of

1847
01:10:30,870 --> 01:10:28,400
course is not directly involved in the

1848
01:10:33,590 --> 01:10:30,880
oxidation reduction reaction but it's an

1849
01:10:36,310 --> 01:10:33,600
indication of why the ph is going up and

1850
01:10:39,189 --> 01:10:36,320
what's happening in the in the

1851
01:10:42,149 --> 01:10:39,199
non-redox part of the system

1852
01:10:44,550 --> 01:10:42,159
there is calcium in the pyroxenes

1853
01:10:46,149 --> 01:10:44,560
that weathers into solution and then

1854
01:10:48,550 --> 01:10:46,159
when the new minerals form the

1855
01:10:49,910 --> 01:10:48,560
serpentine minerals calcium does not fit

1856
01:10:51,990 --> 01:10:49,920
into those serpentine minerals it

1857
01:10:53,830 --> 01:10:52,000
accumulates in solution and of course

1858
01:10:56,630 --> 01:10:53,840
you can't just add charge to the

1859
01:10:58,390 --> 01:10:56,640
solution without balancing it and so the

1860
01:11:00,229 --> 01:10:58,400
way that charge is balanced is by an

1861
01:11:01,990 --> 01:11:00,239
increase in hydroxide

1862
01:11:03,590 --> 01:11:02,000
so you end up with a calcium hydroxide

1863
01:11:05,510 --> 01:11:03,600
solution because there aren't any other

1864
01:11:07,590 --> 01:11:05,520
anions in the system the

1865
01:11:09,990 --> 01:11:07,600
typical anion something like bicarbonate

1866
01:11:11,750 --> 01:11:10,000
has been consumed on the way in

1867
01:11:14,070 --> 01:11:11,760
as the water is infiltrated in by the

1868
01:11:15,510 --> 01:11:14,080
precipitation of calcium carbonate all

1869
01:11:19,270 --> 01:11:15,520
right

1870
01:11:20,310 --> 01:11:19,280
well here's a list of that we've made of

1871
01:11:22,070 --> 01:11:20,320
um

1872
01:11:24,390 --> 01:11:22,080
what that we i'm calling here the

1873
01:11:25,990 --> 01:11:24,400
demonstrated chemilithotrophic reactions

1874
01:11:27,750 --> 01:11:26,000
in serpentinizing system and you'll

1875
01:11:29,350 --> 01:11:27,760
notice i have these different classes in

1876
01:11:30,950 --> 01:11:29,360
fact there's even something that's

1877
01:11:33,510 --> 01:11:30,960
fallen off the bottom of the picture

1878
01:11:36,550 --> 01:11:33,520
that's pretty good anyway so

1879
01:11:39,590 --> 01:11:36,560
i've ranked these here uh with um peter

1880
01:11:41,990 --> 01:11:39,600
canovis in terms of you know the quality

1881
01:11:45,189 --> 01:11:42,000
of the information the molecular and

1882
01:11:45,990 --> 01:11:45,199
micro microbiological information so the

1883
01:11:47,550 --> 01:11:46,000
um

1884
01:11:50,550 --> 01:11:47,560
the best case we have for

1885
01:11:53,350 --> 01:11:50,560
chemolithotropic uh reaction is hydrogen

1886
01:11:55,270 --> 01:11:53,360
oxidation and that that we that's

1887
01:11:57,750 --> 01:11:55,280
because there are there's at least an

1888
01:11:59,830 --> 01:11:57,760
isolate and culture of uh known

1889
01:12:02,229 --> 01:11:59,840
physiology and genomic data that goes

1890
01:12:04,310 --> 01:12:02,239
with that and so we're pretty sure we

1891
01:12:06,550 --> 01:12:04,320
know something about this reaction what

1892
01:12:07,750 --> 01:12:06,560
i'm trying to do here is use what's

1893
01:12:09,910 --> 01:12:07,760
known

1894
01:12:11,750 --> 01:12:09,920
coming from molecular biology and

1895
01:12:14,630 --> 01:12:11,760
microbiology to identify what kinds of

1896
01:12:17,189 --> 01:12:14,640
reactions are supporting life

1897
01:12:21,350 --> 01:12:19,270
what we're calling class 2 type data is

1898
01:12:23,430 --> 01:12:21,360
where they're something like rate data

1899
01:12:24,870 --> 01:12:23,440
on redox reaction and isotopically

1900
01:12:26,550 --> 01:12:24,880
labeled experiments that really show

1901
01:12:29,189 --> 01:12:26,560
that the reaction seems to be happening

1902
01:12:30,950 --> 01:12:29,199
and is my microbially mediated and here

1903
01:12:33,750 --> 01:12:30,960
we have several reactions

1904
01:12:34,830 --> 01:12:33,760
carbon monoxide oxidation

1905
01:12:37,270 --> 01:12:34,840
the

1906
01:12:39,350 --> 01:12:37,280
methanogenesis reaction so making

1907
01:12:40,790 --> 01:12:39,360
methane from this from co2 and there's

1908
01:12:42,149 --> 01:12:40,800
that hydrogen

1909
01:12:43,830 --> 01:12:42,159
coming from the

1910
01:12:45,189 --> 01:12:43,840
point at it it will be working better

1911
01:12:47,669 --> 01:12:45,199
there's that hydrogen coming from the

1912
01:12:49,430 --> 01:12:47,679
water rock reaction and then

1913
01:12:51,910 --> 01:12:49,440
various

1914
01:12:54,550 --> 01:12:51,920
anaerobic methanotrophy

1915
01:12:56,630 --> 01:12:54,560
simply because it often in the

1916
01:12:58,950 --> 01:12:56,640
literature it's not specified what the

1917
01:13:01,510 --> 01:12:58,960
oxidant is and so we're using the three

1918
01:13:04,229 --> 01:13:01,520
that we have measured here sulfate uh

1919
01:13:06,229 --> 01:13:04,239
nitrate and nitrite

1920
01:13:10,149 --> 01:13:06,239
somewhat

1921
01:13:11,990 --> 01:13:10,159
useful information and it's what we're

1922
01:13:14,070 --> 01:13:12,000
calling class three information where

1923
01:13:16,630 --> 01:13:14,080
you actually have gene expression it's

1924
01:13:18,709 --> 01:13:16,640
not uh and then or transcrip

1925
01:13:20,149 --> 01:13:18,719
transcriptomic proteomic or biomarker

1926
01:13:21,830 --> 01:13:20,159
data that indicates the reaction is

1927
01:13:24,470 --> 01:13:21,840
happening it's not like watching the

1928
01:13:26,310 --> 01:13:24,480
reaction happen but it's very suggestive

1929
01:13:28,630 --> 01:13:26,320
of that kind of reaction happening and

1930
01:13:30,229 --> 01:13:28,640
what fits in here is ammonia oxidation

1931
01:13:33,030 --> 01:13:30,239
sulfate reduction

1932
01:13:35,510 --> 01:13:33,040
we also have um

1933
01:13:38,229 --> 01:13:35,520
reactions that can be identified based

1934
01:13:40,229 --> 01:13:38,239
on uh genes that have been

1935
01:13:41,990 --> 01:13:40,239
actual gene hunting and looking for

1936
01:13:44,470 --> 01:13:42,000
genes involved in these sorts of

1937
01:13:46,870 --> 01:13:44,480
processes that adds sulfide oxidation

1938
01:13:48,870 --> 01:13:46,880
and nitrogen reduction to the list and

1939
01:13:51,990 --> 01:13:48,880
then what you can't read down here are

1940
01:13:53,990 --> 01:13:52,000
what we consider the type of information

1941
01:13:55,830 --> 01:13:54,000
that is least indicative of something

1942
01:13:57,830 --> 01:13:55,840
actually happening which is what's

1943
01:14:00,229 --> 01:13:57,840
inferred from 16s

1944
01:14:02,310 --> 01:14:00,239
ribosomal rna data which is about like

1945
01:14:03,669 --> 01:14:02,320
saying your brother is a lawyer so you

1946
01:14:06,550 --> 01:14:03,679
must be a lawyer

1947
01:14:08,630 --> 01:14:06,560
um you know great uh and

1948
01:14:10,229 --> 01:14:08,640
you know helpfully perhaps those

1949
01:14:12,310 --> 01:14:10,239
reactions are sliced off the bottom of

1950
01:14:14,630 --> 01:14:12,320
the image we can't even see them anyway

1951
01:14:16,790 --> 01:14:14,640
so there you have it um but there's a

1952
01:14:18,310 --> 01:14:16,800
couple more reactions on this on this

1953
01:14:20,229 --> 01:14:18,320
list and they'll show up here in just a

1954
01:14:22,070 --> 01:14:20,239
moment the one thing we can do with all

1955
01:14:23,590 --> 01:14:22,080
of this is try to figure out how much

1956
01:14:25,910 --> 01:14:23,600
energy are we talking about these are

1957
01:14:27,510 --> 01:14:25,920
reactions that um

1958
01:14:30,310 --> 01:14:27,520
are

1959
01:14:31,910 --> 01:14:30,320
identified uh have been identified

1960
01:14:34,950 --> 01:14:31,920
through microbiology or molecular

1961
01:14:36,630 --> 01:14:34,960
biology and so what is what what's the

1962
01:14:39,030 --> 01:14:36,640
energy supply so there must be some

1963
01:14:40,790 --> 01:14:39,040
energy that supports these things

1964
01:14:43,110 --> 01:14:40,800
we do this by calculating this term

1965
01:14:44,390 --> 01:14:43,120
called the chemical affinity right here

1966
01:14:46,870 --> 01:14:44,400
and whatever

1967
01:14:49,030 --> 01:14:46,880
the way you do that is uh combining of

1968
01:14:50,950 --> 01:14:49,040
course is the ideal gas constant

1969
01:14:53,750 --> 01:14:50,960
temperature but the important parts over

1970
01:14:55,910 --> 01:14:53,760
here are the equilibrium constant and

1971
01:14:57,110 --> 01:14:55,920
the reaction quotient or the activity

1972
01:14:59,350 --> 01:14:57,120
product

1973
01:15:00,950 --> 01:14:59,360
and essentially the the

1974
01:15:04,310 --> 01:15:00,960
equilibrium constant tells you where

1975
01:15:06,470 --> 01:15:04,320
equilibrium is for the reaction and the

1976
01:15:07,830 --> 01:15:06,480
x the activity product the reaction

1977
01:15:10,070 --> 01:15:07,840
quotient is kind of hard to point at

1978
01:15:11,350 --> 01:15:10,080
that q there is what you actually

1979
01:15:13,990 --> 01:15:11,360
measure

1980
01:15:16,229 --> 01:15:14,000
out in the field and in samples that you

1981
01:15:18,630 --> 01:15:16,239
bring back to the lab and you can see

1982
01:15:20,070 --> 01:15:18,640
that here if those two things are equal

1983
01:15:21,830 --> 01:15:20,080
to each other

1984
01:15:24,390 --> 01:15:21,840
take the natural log hey the natural log

1985
01:15:26,149 --> 01:15:24,400
of one is zero presto affinity will be

1986
01:15:28,390 --> 01:15:26,159
zero when the system's completely at

1987
01:15:29,189 --> 01:15:28,400
equilibrium and what we're looking for

1988
01:15:31,430 --> 01:15:29,199
are

1989
01:15:33,430 --> 01:15:31,440
places where the affinity is positive

1990
01:15:35,430 --> 01:15:33,440
because that tells us

1991
01:15:37,830 --> 01:15:35,440
that there's more

1992
01:15:39,910 --> 01:15:37,840
there's energy that could be

1993
01:15:42,229 --> 01:15:39,920
that is available for that reaction to

1994
01:15:44,310 --> 01:15:42,239
proceed from left to right as we're

1995
01:15:47,270 --> 01:15:44,320
writing it so just to show you a few

1996
01:15:49,750 --> 01:15:47,280
examples here from peter canovis's work

1997
01:15:51,030 --> 01:15:49,760
here are affinities

1998
01:15:53,510 --> 01:15:51,040
now

1999
01:15:55,750 --> 01:15:53,520
the units here are kilocalories per mole

2000
01:15:57,510 --> 01:15:55,760
of electrons involved in the reaction

2001
01:15:59,510 --> 01:15:57,520
and we do this so that we can compare

2002
01:16:00,950 --> 01:15:59,520
everything on a similar basis since

2003
01:16:03,669 --> 01:16:00,960
there's different numbers of electrons

2004
01:16:05,910 --> 01:16:03,679
used in the reaction so here's energy

2005
01:16:07,110 --> 01:16:05,920
available from hydrogen oxidation across

2006
01:16:07,910 --> 01:16:07,120
this

2007
01:16:10,149 --> 01:16:07,920
uh

2008
01:16:11,189 --> 01:16:10,159
these samples from from oman and you can

2009
01:16:12,310 --> 01:16:11,199
see

2010
01:16:13,830 --> 01:16:12,320
these

2011
01:16:14,709 --> 01:16:13,840
you wouldn't know this unless you've

2012
01:16:16,149 --> 01:16:14,719
been

2013
01:16:17,830 --> 01:16:16,159
doing these sorts of calculations but

2014
01:16:21,270 --> 01:16:17,840
these are very large

2015
01:16:23,350 --> 01:16:21,280
positive values of infinity so ample

2016
01:16:24,870 --> 01:16:23,360
energy availability for hydrogen

2017
01:16:26,790 --> 01:16:24,880
oxidation

2018
01:16:30,229 --> 01:16:26,800
another example is

2019
01:16:31,990 --> 01:16:30,239
methane oxidation aerobic methanotrophy

2020
01:16:33,270 --> 01:16:32,000
abundant information

2021
01:16:34,790 --> 01:16:33,280
information

2022
01:16:37,030 --> 01:16:34,800
energy available for that reaction you

2023
01:16:39,350 --> 01:16:37,040
can see sort of a trend of increasing

2024
01:16:41,189 --> 01:16:39,360
energy as you go up into higher ph where

2025
01:16:43,590 --> 01:16:41,199
the fluids are dominated by the

2026
01:16:45,030 --> 01:16:43,600
surfacing fluid that's even more

2027
01:16:47,830 --> 01:16:45,040
dramatic when you look at carbon

2028
01:16:50,149 --> 01:16:47,840
monoxide oxidation so all these reduced

2029
01:16:52,950 --> 01:16:50,159
constituents the hydrogen and carbon

2030
01:16:53,990 --> 01:16:52,960
monoxide methane coming up

2031
01:16:56,310 --> 01:16:54,000
from

2032
01:16:58,870 --> 01:16:56,320
with the serpentinized fluid

2033
01:17:00,709 --> 01:16:58,880
all represent wonderful sources of

2034
01:17:02,870 --> 01:17:00,719
energy when they can be combined with

2035
01:17:04,630 --> 01:17:02,880
something like oxygen energy of course

2036
01:17:07,270 --> 01:17:04,640
coming from a reaction and not from an

2037
01:17:09,510 --> 01:17:07,280
individual constituent

2038
01:17:13,350 --> 01:17:09,520
much lower amounts of energy are

2039
01:17:15,189 --> 01:17:13,360
available for things like methanogenesis

2040
01:17:17,110 --> 01:17:15,199
zero here look at that hey hey there's

2041
01:17:19,350 --> 01:17:17,120
equilibrium and there's the distribution

2042
01:17:21,990 --> 01:17:19,360
of points which is slightly above that

2043
01:17:24,149 --> 01:17:22,000
equilibrium value which means there's a

2044
01:17:26,470 --> 01:17:24,159
little bit of energy available and the

2045
01:17:28,950 --> 01:17:26,480
question you might be asking is well is

2046
01:17:31,189 --> 01:17:28,960
that the best that the system can do to

2047
01:17:33,189 --> 01:17:31,199
support methanogens or is this

2048
01:17:35,750 --> 01:17:33,199
everything that's left

2049
01:17:36,950 --> 01:17:35,760
after the methanogens have uh done what

2050
01:17:38,790 --> 01:17:36,960
they can

2051
01:17:40,950 --> 01:17:38,800
with the system and what we're finding

2052
01:17:42,550 --> 01:17:40,960
is that there are methanogens present in

2053
01:17:45,030 --> 01:17:42,560
the sediments associated with a lot of

2054
01:17:47,750 --> 01:17:45,040
these springs so we're thinking that

2055
01:17:50,390 --> 01:17:47,760
this might be what's left after they've

2056
01:17:51,510 --> 01:17:50,400
worked over the system another example

2057
01:17:55,189 --> 01:17:51,520
like that

2058
01:17:57,590 --> 01:17:55,199
is the anaerobic methanotrophy here with

2059
01:17:59,910 --> 01:17:57,600
balance in the reaction of sulfate again

2060
01:18:02,630 --> 01:17:59,920
a very small and positive amount of

2061
01:18:05,669 --> 01:18:02,640
energy and the question remains whether

2062
01:18:08,950 --> 01:18:05,679
this is just the remnant energy that's

2063
01:18:13,430 --> 01:18:08,960
left after uh biology has worked the

2064
01:18:15,669 --> 01:18:13,440
system so if we go out to a ph of 11

2065
01:18:19,270 --> 01:18:15,679
for just as an example to get something

2066
01:18:21,189 --> 01:18:19,280
out close to the serpentinized fluid we

2067
01:18:23,189 --> 01:18:21,199
can get this sort of thing

2068
01:18:25,750 --> 01:18:23,199
this is a ranked

2069
01:18:29,110 --> 01:18:25,760
diagram of affinities

2070
01:18:31,590 --> 01:18:29,120
with the carbon monoxide oxidation uh

2071
01:18:34,310 --> 01:18:31,600
at least in the oman system being

2072
01:18:36,149 --> 01:18:34,320
a nice big source of energy

2073
01:18:37,990 --> 01:18:36,159
followed by these various other

2074
01:18:40,630 --> 01:18:38,000
oxidation reactions

2075
01:18:42,229 --> 01:18:40,640
on down through um

2076
01:18:45,430 --> 01:18:42,239
reactions that we consider based on

2077
01:18:47,830 --> 01:18:45,440
geochemistry and on down into the really

2078
01:18:50,470 --> 01:18:47,840
sad pathetic leftovers of sulfate

2079
01:18:53,270 --> 01:18:50,480
reduction methanogenesis and anaerobic

2080
01:18:55,510 --> 01:18:53,280
methanotrophy with sulfate so

2081
01:18:59,270 --> 01:18:55,520
we can generate these sorts of

2082
01:19:01,590 --> 01:18:59,280
images of the supply of energy

2083
01:19:04,229 --> 01:19:01,600
based this way by comparing things on an

2084
01:19:06,070 --> 01:19:04,239
electron basis or

2085
01:19:08,790 --> 01:19:06,080
going to individual samples and

2086
01:19:11,830 --> 01:19:08,800
evaluating the energy supply in each one

2087
01:19:13,750 --> 01:19:11,840
and what we see is a wide spread and

2088
01:19:15,990 --> 01:19:13,760
what of energy

2089
01:19:18,310 --> 01:19:16,000
availability and what re remains to be

2090
01:19:20,070 --> 01:19:18,320
seen is exactly

2091
01:19:22,550 --> 01:19:20,080
what all is controlling that these

2092
01:19:23,910 --> 01:19:22,560
reactions are predominantly

2093
01:19:26,550 --> 01:19:23,920
the this list of reactions is

2094
01:19:28,790 --> 01:19:26,560
predominantly things that we know that

2095
01:19:30,790 --> 01:19:28,800
there are microorganisms in

2096
01:19:32,550 --> 01:19:30,800
serpentinizing systems that do these

2097
01:19:35,350 --> 01:19:32,560
we've added a few reactions that we

2098
01:19:37,189 --> 01:19:35,360
think are likely based on what we've

2099
01:19:38,390 --> 01:19:37,199
based on the geochemistry of the system

2100
01:19:41,030 --> 01:19:38,400
like the

2101
01:19:43,510 --> 01:19:41,040
amminox reaction the animox reaction

2102
01:19:45,430 --> 01:19:43,520
here ammonia oxidation the water gas

2103
01:19:47,830 --> 01:19:45,440
shift reaction and so forth that we

2104
01:19:48,830 --> 01:19:47,840
think are plausible and that

2105
01:19:49,750 --> 01:19:48,840
those

2106
01:19:52,070 --> 01:19:49,760
metabolisms be

2107
01:19:54,390 --> 01:19:52,080
explored i think

2108
01:19:55,990 --> 01:19:54,400
with some you know it'd be worth doing

2109
01:19:58,709 --> 01:19:56,000
so what i've tried to do real quickly

2110
01:20:00,149 --> 01:19:58,719
here is show you how you can go from

2111
01:20:02,149 --> 01:20:00,159
collecting

2112
01:20:04,149 --> 01:20:02,159
analytical data

2113
01:20:07,430 --> 01:20:04,159
geochemical data on these systems doing

2114
01:20:09,110 --> 01:20:07,440
some calculations and having now a menu

2115
01:20:10,790 --> 01:20:09,120
this is you know this is the menu this

2116
01:20:13,590 --> 01:20:10,800
is what's on the menu here for these

2117
01:20:16,870 --> 01:20:13,600
reactions in terms of their relative uh

2118
01:20:19,510 --> 01:20:16,880
energy supply more positive being more

2119
01:20:21,990 --> 01:20:19,520
energy and that gives it gets us one

2120
01:20:24,550 --> 01:20:22,000
step closer to trying to

2121
01:20:26,629 --> 01:20:24,560
having an image of how geochemistry of

2122
01:20:28,950 --> 01:20:26,639
the system is supporting the

2123
01:20:32,310 --> 01:20:28,960
microbiology of its presence and i'll

2124
01:20:34,629 --> 01:20:32,320
leave you with that

2125
01:20:36,229 --> 01:20:34,639
hey thank you

2126
01:20:38,629 --> 01:20:36,239
so we've got some specific questions in

2127
01:20:40,390 --> 01:20:38,639
the chat window that i might have time

2128
01:20:42,149 --> 01:20:40,400
for and i'd start i'd like to start

2129
01:20:45,830 --> 01:20:42,159
though with the general

2130
01:20:47,830 --> 01:20:45,840
question which is to ask you if um i can

2131
01:20:49,830 --> 01:20:47,840
summarize your your final conclusion

2132
01:20:51,590 --> 01:20:49,840
there accurately which is that

2133
01:20:53,590 --> 01:20:51,600
because you're measuring things at the

2134
01:20:54,550 --> 01:20:53,600
surface that are that are mixed with the

2135
01:20:57,270 --> 01:20:54,560
surface

2136
01:20:59,510 --> 01:20:57,280
if your energetic calculations show a

2137
01:21:01,350 --> 01:20:59,520
very small amount of energy that might

2138
01:21:03,510 --> 01:21:01,360
actually be an indication of something

2139
01:21:05,750 --> 01:21:03,520
that is most likely to actually be

2140
01:21:07,350 --> 01:21:05,760
occurring in the subsurface

2141
01:21:08,629 --> 01:21:07,360
when you have additional information of

2142
01:21:10,950 --> 01:21:08,639
course that you can use to interpret

2143
01:21:12,870 --> 01:21:10,960
that information is that totally

2144
01:21:20,550 --> 01:21:12,880
uh

2145
01:21:21,590 --> 01:21:20,560
things that we we think of as you know

2146
01:21:23,270 --> 01:21:21,600
something like

2147
01:21:24,709 --> 01:21:23,280
methanogenesis and autotrophic

2148
01:21:27,350 --> 01:21:24,719
methanogenesis

2149
01:21:28,870 --> 01:21:27,360
where we um

2150
01:21:30,629 --> 01:21:28,880
we think of that as sort of i think of

2151
01:21:33,430 --> 01:21:30,639
that as sort of a reductive process i

2152
01:21:36,310 --> 01:21:33,440
guess i'm obsessed with the carbon um

2153
01:21:38,950 --> 01:21:36,320
that i think that's much more uh likely

2154
01:21:42,550 --> 01:21:38,960
in the subsurface as long as the co2 can

2155
01:21:45,030 --> 01:21:42,560
infiltrate um in into the subsurface uh

2156
01:21:47,830 --> 01:21:45,040
and and it's broad or

2157
01:21:49,830 --> 01:21:47,840
uh is present as uh carbonate minerals

2158
01:21:52,229 --> 01:21:49,840
so there there could be a complex

2159
01:21:53,830 --> 01:21:52,239
history which i i don't doubt

2160
01:21:56,070 --> 01:21:53,840
in these systems where

2161
01:21:57,910 --> 01:21:56,080
at when you have fluids infiltrating

2162
01:22:00,070 --> 01:21:57,920
bringing

2163
01:22:02,629 --> 01:22:00,080
dissolved carbonate into the system that

2164
01:22:05,189 --> 01:22:02,639
precipitates as carbonate minerals and

2165
01:22:07,510 --> 01:22:05,199
then things change later and there's a

2166
01:22:10,070 --> 01:22:07,520
supply of say hydrogen into where those

2167
01:22:12,070 --> 01:22:10,080
carbonate minerals are and suddenly that

2168
01:22:13,669 --> 01:22:12,080
those carbonates look pretty pretty much

2169
01:22:15,510 --> 01:22:13,679
like pretty delicious with all that

2170
01:22:17,990 --> 01:22:15,520
hydrogen around and so i think there are

2171
01:22:19,510 --> 01:22:18,000
probably microbes you know using solid

2172
01:22:21,189 --> 01:22:19,520
carbonate as

2173
01:22:22,470 --> 01:22:21,199
their

2174
01:22:23,830 --> 01:22:22,480
carbon source and i think people are

2175
01:22:25,350 --> 01:22:23,840
having success showing that sort of

2176
01:22:26,550 --> 01:22:25,360
thing

2177
01:22:28,149 --> 01:22:26,560
okay thanks

2178
01:22:29,830 --> 01:22:28,159
and then uh before we move on to the

2179
01:22:32,790 --> 01:22:29,840
break let's get to at least one of these

2180
01:22:34,550 --> 01:22:32,800
questions uh darcy asks

2181
01:22:37,270 --> 01:22:34,560
uh have you looked at the transformation

2182
01:22:38,870 --> 01:22:37,280
of iron or are those reactions

2183
01:22:40,709 --> 01:22:38,880
do they suck so much they're not worth

2184
01:22:41,910 --> 01:22:40,719
mentioning on the platform

2185
01:22:44,629 --> 01:22:41,920
it's very

2186
01:22:48,790 --> 01:22:44,639
well we're in the ph range where

2187
01:22:52,470 --> 01:22:48,800
uh iron oxidation is definitely

2188
01:22:54,870 --> 01:22:52,480
fe2 to fe3 in solution is so fast

2189
01:22:56,629 --> 01:22:54,880
abiotically that there it's definitely

2190
01:22:59,590 --> 01:22:56,639
an example of something that is bursting

2191
01:23:02,629 --> 01:22:59,600
into flame and is not good to eat um it

2192
01:23:03,590 --> 01:23:02,639
is just simply uh you know we can't

2193
01:23:05,430 --> 01:23:03,600
measure

2194
01:23:07,590 --> 01:23:05,440
the reduced iron in the water in the

2195
01:23:09,910 --> 01:23:07,600
field it's below our detection limit and

2196
01:23:12,629 --> 01:23:09,920
the rate would be so outrageous for the

2197
01:23:14,790 --> 01:23:12,639
abiotic oxidation in these systems that

2198
01:23:17,350 --> 01:23:14,800
i don't think there's the oxidation of

2199
01:23:18,390 --> 01:23:17,360
iron is uh is

2200
01:23:20,790 --> 01:23:18,400
something that

2201
01:23:23,189 --> 01:23:20,800
is supporting life at least in the

2202
01:23:24,629 --> 01:23:23,199
solution um now that could be very

2203
01:23:26,629 --> 01:23:24,639
different in the minerals because you're

2204
01:23:29,189 --> 01:23:26,639
going to have the kinetic inhibitions

2205
01:23:32,870 --> 01:23:29,199
for the reactions and and allow the

2206
01:23:34,629 --> 01:23:32,880
ferrous iron to stick around but we

2207
01:23:36,950 --> 01:23:34,639
have not included

2208
01:23:38,550 --> 01:23:36,960
those in this particular analysis but we

2209
01:23:41,270 --> 01:23:38,560
certainly can for

2210
01:23:42,629 --> 01:23:41,280
writing reactions for the various

2211
01:23:45,110 --> 01:23:42,639
ferrous iron

2212
01:23:47,510 --> 01:23:45,120
minerals and the ferric iron mineral

2213
01:23:49,990 --> 01:23:47,520
products

2214
01:23:53,110 --> 01:23:50,000
but they're not as dramatic as

2215
01:24:02,310 --> 01:23:55,910
and then alexis asks what is the source

2216
01:24:08,310 --> 01:24:05,669
sure uh i don't know it uh it increases

2217
01:24:11,430 --> 01:24:08,320
much higher in the serpentinized fluid

2218
01:24:13,590 --> 01:24:11,440
than it is in the surface water um

2219
01:24:16,550 --> 01:24:13,600
so

2220
01:24:18,790 --> 01:24:16,560
i i don't i don't know why

2221
01:24:21,030 --> 01:24:18,800
that is in terms of like the nitrogen

2222
01:24:23,510 --> 01:24:21,040
cycle but it certainly seems that

2223
01:24:26,070 --> 01:24:23,520
nitrogen going into the system is coming

2224
01:24:28,870 --> 01:24:26,080
back out as ammonia but it's also

2225
01:24:32,870 --> 01:24:28,880
enhanced in its concentration relative

2226
01:24:35,669 --> 01:24:34,229
cool thanks

2227
01:24:37,430 --> 01:24:35,679
uh i think the

2228
01:24:39,830 --> 01:24:37,440
discussion will continue in the chat

2229
01:24:42,709 --> 01:24:39,840
window and now i think maybe we should

2230
01:24:44,149 --> 01:24:42,719
have our coffee break

2231
01:24:46,229 --> 01:24:44,159
all right well wonderful well thank you

2232
01:24:48,070 --> 01:24:46,239
billy uh and everyone for organizing

2233
01:24:49,270 --> 01:24:48,080
this this is really interesting session

2234
01:24:50,950 --> 01:24:49,280
so far

2235
01:24:52,790 --> 01:24:50,960
um we've

2236
01:24:56,229 --> 01:24:52,800
covered some interesting material going

2237
01:25:00,070 --> 01:24:56,239
from the sea floor uh to oman

2238
01:25:01,990 --> 01:25:00,080
um what i uh am trying to cover here is

2239
01:25:04,070 --> 01:25:02,000
uh telling you a bit about what we found

2240
01:25:06,390 --> 01:25:04,080
out about the microbiology

2241
01:25:08,390 --> 01:25:06,400
of serpentinizing systems particularly

2242
01:25:11,510 --> 01:25:08,400
in continental environments

2243
01:25:12,390 --> 01:25:11,520
um and so this is uh

2244
01:25:15,510 --> 01:25:12,400
some

2245
01:25:17,669 --> 01:25:15,520
various

2246
01:25:19,990 --> 01:25:17,679
settings uh throughout the world

2247
01:25:22,229 --> 01:25:20,000
now am i moving the slide okay there in

2248
01:25:24,229 --> 01:25:22,239
terms of what you're seeing

2249
01:25:27,910 --> 01:25:24,239
yeah matt i um i recommend you use the

2250
01:25:31,510 --> 01:25:30,310
and then it'll page more like a slide

2251
01:25:32,870 --> 01:25:31,520
all right now i'm clicking through

2252
01:25:34,390 --> 01:25:32,880
everything all at once

2253
01:25:36,070 --> 01:25:34,400
wonderful

2254
01:25:38,550 --> 01:25:36,080
all right so um you've already heard

2255
01:25:40,470 --> 01:25:38,560
something of of the lost city uh and

2256
01:25:42,550 --> 01:25:40,480
it's really been the hallmark site for

2257
01:25:43,350 --> 01:25:42,560
surprisation over the last decade or

2258
01:25:46,149 --> 01:25:43,360
more

2259
01:25:47,990 --> 01:25:46,159
uh in terms of the exciting uh you know

2260
01:25:50,550 --> 01:25:48,000
contrast to high temperature black

2261
01:25:53,189 --> 01:25:50,560
smoker types of hydrothermal systems

2262
01:25:55,350 --> 01:25:53,199
uh the high high ph fluids relatively

2263
01:25:57,189 --> 01:25:55,360
high temperatures copious amounts of

2264
01:26:00,149 --> 01:25:57,199
methane and hydrogen

2265
01:26:02,870 --> 01:26:00,159
and associated

2266
01:26:05,030 --> 01:26:02,880
associated uh potentially a biogenic

2267
01:26:06,870 --> 01:26:05,040
organic molecule so there's been a ton

2268
01:26:08,709 --> 01:26:06,880
of study at the lost city we've really

2269
01:26:10,550 --> 01:26:08,719
advanced our understanding of the

2270
01:26:13,189 --> 01:26:10,560
microbiology of

2271
01:26:15,189 --> 01:26:13,199
sea floor serpentinizing systems anyway

2272
01:26:18,870 --> 01:26:15,199
uh through the through the study of that

2273
01:26:20,870 --> 01:26:18,880
site but uh the fact of the matter is uh

2274
01:26:22,709 --> 01:26:20,880
beyond lost city there haven't really

2275
01:26:25,910 --> 01:26:22,719
been that many studies

2276
01:26:27,270 --> 01:26:25,920
of c4 surpatinizing systems in recent

2277
01:26:28,229 --> 01:26:27,280
years there have been

2278
01:26:29,350 --> 01:26:28,239
um

2279
01:26:31,110 --> 01:26:29,360
you know

2280
01:26:34,149 --> 01:26:31,120
analog systems discovered in new

2281
01:26:36,470 --> 01:26:34,159
caledonia region and the western pacific

2282
01:26:38,390 --> 01:26:36,480
but by and large there's this is a

2283
01:26:40,950 --> 01:26:38,400
relatively uh a new

2284
01:26:43,830 --> 01:26:40,960
area of study and there's relatively few

2285
01:26:45,270 --> 01:26:43,840
of these systems that have been explored

2286
01:26:47,430 --> 01:26:45,280
uh and so

2287
01:26:49,110 --> 01:26:47,440
given this uh you know gap in our

2288
01:26:52,070 --> 01:26:49,120
knowledge over the years and uh of

2289
01:26:54,229 --> 01:26:52,080
cipretinizing sites and the fact

2290
01:26:56,149 --> 01:26:54,239
that eventually much of the seafloor

2291
01:26:58,149 --> 01:26:56,159
material ends up on land through plate

2292
01:27:00,070 --> 01:26:58,159
tectonics we

2293
01:27:02,790 --> 01:27:00,080
we and others went about studying uh

2294
01:27:05,189 --> 01:27:02,800
continental surface regenizing systems

2295
01:27:08,070 --> 01:27:05,199
so ophiolite complexes so one of the

2296
01:27:09,590 --> 01:27:08,080
most beautiful examples of this uh in my

2297
01:27:12,629 --> 01:27:09,600
opinion uh

2298
01:27:14,149 --> 01:27:12,639
is the table lanzophilite this is a

2299
01:27:16,790 --> 01:27:14,159
picture of the tablelands in

2300
01:27:18,790 --> 01:27:16,800
newfoundland canada i believe billy

2301
01:27:21,990 --> 01:27:18,800
mentioned this briefly earlier so this

2302
01:27:25,030 --> 01:27:22,000
is a nearly half a billion year old uh

2303
01:27:28,310 --> 01:27:25,040
sterpetinizing opioids

2304
01:27:31,510 --> 01:27:28,320
which is still seeping high ph gas-rich

2305
01:27:32,390 --> 01:27:31,520
fluids and and is a continental analog

2306
01:27:34,790 --> 01:27:32,400
to

2307
01:27:39,910 --> 01:27:34,800
uh some of what we've seen in in

2308
01:27:45,990 --> 01:27:42,790
so um so as i mentioned uh you know

2309
01:27:48,470 --> 01:27:46,000
following the work at the law city uh

2310
01:27:50,390 --> 01:27:48,480
before more cruz has been out there we

2311
01:27:52,550 --> 01:27:50,400
and others

2312
01:27:55,830 --> 01:27:52,560
including many of the people on on this

2313
01:27:58,390 --> 01:27:55,840
uh telecon have studied uh surprising

2314
01:27:59,669 --> 01:27:58,400
sites in ophiolites uh

2315
01:28:01,669 --> 01:27:59,679
continental settings throughout the

2316
01:28:02,950 --> 01:28:01,679
globe and so places like

2317
01:28:05,669 --> 01:28:02,960
uh

2318
01:28:10,229 --> 01:28:05,679
you know in california in newfoundland

2319
01:28:12,470 --> 01:28:10,239
in liguria in italy in oman and so on so

2320
01:28:15,030 --> 01:28:12,480
uh you know it racked up a lot of

2321
01:28:16,870 --> 01:28:15,040
frequent flyer miles and and spent a lot

2322
01:28:18,550 --> 01:28:16,880
of money on field gear

2323
01:28:21,350 --> 01:28:18,560
for sampling and analysis of these

2324
01:28:24,149 --> 01:28:21,360
various sites um i recently came across

2325
01:28:25,830 --> 01:28:24,159
a paper from 2007 by os

2326
01:28:28,629 --> 01:28:25,840
i know there's about serpentinites

2327
01:28:30,629 --> 01:28:28,639
separate and isingophilites and that map

2328
01:28:32,870 --> 01:28:30,639
is shown in the lower left here

2329
01:28:34,950 --> 01:28:32,880
they were looking at uh

2330
01:28:36,550 --> 01:28:34,960
geochemistry of serpentine soils but

2331
01:28:39,110 --> 01:28:36,560
this just shows

2332
01:28:40,709 --> 01:28:39,120
in addition to the the dots on our

2333
01:28:42,229 --> 01:28:40,719
google earth map

2334
01:28:44,550 --> 01:28:42,239
how many hundreds of other

2335
01:28:47,189 --> 01:28:44,560
serpentinizing settings there are

2336
01:28:49,030 --> 01:28:47,199
throughout the globe particularly

2337
01:28:53,110 --> 01:28:49,040
in continental margin

2338
01:28:57,830 --> 01:28:56,229
all right

2339
01:28:59,669 --> 01:28:57,840
so um

2340
01:29:01,189 --> 01:28:59,679
so what i think is exciting about this

2341
01:29:03,830 --> 01:29:01,199
in addition to the fact that there are

2342
01:29:05,750 --> 01:29:03,840
so many sites to investigate is that

2343
01:29:08,390 --> 01:29:05,760
these continental stripetonites cover a

2344
01:29:10,229 --> 01:29:08,400
broad range of different conditions

2345
01:29:12,229 --> 01:29:10,239
it's sure they have some things in

2346
01:29:14,229 --> 01:29:12,239
common like the high ph and and the

2347
01:29:16,390 --> 01:29:14,239
presence of the gases and the generally

2348
01:29:19,430 --> 01:29:16,400
reducing conditions but they cover a

2349
01:29:21,590 --> 01:29:19,440
great spectrum of conditions in terms of

2350
01:29:23,110 --> 01:29:21,600
climate uh in terms of hydrology

2351
01:29:26,229 --> 01:29:23,120
groundwater

2352
01:29:27,350 --> 01:29:26,239
recharge and discharge and residence

2353
01:29:29,110 --> 01:29:27,360
times

2354
01:29:30,470 --> 01:29:29,120
things like the geochemistry of this

2355
01:29:32,790 --> 01:29:30,480
these systems

2356
01:29:35,270 --> 01:29:32,800
the geologic setting some of which was

2357
01:29:36,830 --> 01:29:35,280
alluded to on that earlier slide about

2358
01:29:39,270 --> 01:29:36,840
when exactly these

2359
01:29:40,470 --> 01:29:39,280
opioids arrived on the continental

2360
01:29:42,550 --> 01:29:40,480
margins

2361
01:29:44,550 --> 01:29:42,560
and then consequently microbiological

2362
01:29:47,030 --> 01:29:44,560
processes so

2363
01:29:48,629 --> 01:29:47,040
in the context of astrobiology i think

2364
01:29:50,070 --> 01:29:48,639
this provides us with a tremendous

2365
01:29:52,149 --> 01:29:50,080
opportunity to

2366
01:29:53,590 --> 01:29:52,159
to look at some different settings some

2367
01:29:56,470 --> 01:29:53,600
different occurrences which may be

2368
01:29:59,030 --> 01:29:56,480
analogs to things we may observe on mars

2369
01:30:01,830 --> 01:29:59,040
or or elsewhere in the solar system

2370
01:30:03,270 --> 01:30:01,840
uh so i just wanted to point out a few

2371
01:30:05,910 --> 01:30:03,280
of these uh

2372
01:30:07,830 --> 01:30:05,920
examples from our travels to to various

2373
01:30:08,629 --> 01:30:07,840
surpet nights uh in the course of this

2374
01:30:10,629 --> 01:30:08,639
talk

2375
01:30:13,030 --> 01:30:10,639
uh further they're also significantly

2376
01:30:15,270 --> 01:30:13,040
easier to access and cheaper to access

2377
01:30:17,030 --> 01:30:15,280
than seafloor systems and so

2378
01:30:19,110 --> 01:30:17,040
uh some of what we've been able to do in

2379
01:30:20,950 --> 01:30:19,120
these continental surpatonites is to go

2380
01:30:23,030 --> 01:30:20,960
about and conduct

2381
01:30:24,629 --> 01:30:23,040
time series studies

2382
01:30:26,550 --> 01:30:24,639
or to

2383
01:30:31,189 --> 01:30:26,560
develop new methods to apply to some

2384
01:30:34,709 --> 01:30:32,870
all right so um

2385
01:30:36,470 --> 01:30:34,719
one of the uh

2386
01:30:38,229 --> 01:30:36,480
one of the major sites for uh

2387
01:30:40,229 --> 01:30:38,239
continental serpentinization that's been

2388
01:30:42,310 --> 01:30:40,239
studied over the past several years has

2389
01:30:44,229 --> 01:30:42,320
been the cedars in sonoma county

2390
01:30:45,990 --> 01:30:44,239
california this is a place where ken

2391
01:30:48,709 --> 01:30:46,000
nielsen's lab

2392
01:30:50,629 --> 01:30:48,719
as well as shino suzuki and penny morel

2393
01:30:53,350 --> 01:30:50,639
have all done some work

2394
01:30:54,870 --> 01:30:53,360
so this is a very uh extreme environment

2395
01:30:57,510 --> 01:30:54,880
characterized by

2396
01:30:59,830 --> 01:30:57,520
uh copious amounts of gases particularly

2397
01:31:02,310 --> 01:30:59,840
hydrogen methane very reducing

2398
01:31:04,149 --> 01:31:02,320
conditions

2399
01:31:04,870 --> 01:31:04,159
high ph groundwater

2400
01:31:07,030 --> 01:31:04,880
and

2401
01:31:09,669 --> 01:31:07,040
extensive travertine deposits shown in

2402
01:31:11,830 --> 01:31:09,679
the left-hand side of the slide so

2403
01:31:13,510 --> 01:31:11,840
really impressive carbonate deposits

2404
01:31:15,430 --> 01:31:13,520
associated with

2405
01:31:16,790 --> 01:31:15,440
circulation of sterpenizing fluids

2406
01:31:19,590 --> 01:31:16,800
through the system

2407
01:31:22,470 --> 01:31:19,600
and so uh shino and ken and others have

2408
01:31:24,149 --> 01:31:22,480
explored the microbiology of this system

2409
01:31:26,229 --> 01:31:24,159
and found that

2410
01:31:28,870 --> 01:31:26,239
the communities that inhabit relatively

2411
01:31:30,870 --> 01:31:28,880
shallow portions of the system perhaps

2412
01:31:32,229 --> 01:31:30,880
more influenced by mixing and shallow

2413
01:31:34,470 --> 01:31:32,239
groundwater

2414
01:31:37,030 --> 01:31:34,480
are of different communities than

2415
01:31:38,390 --> 01:31:37,040
those in deeper groundwater so

2416
01:31:40,950 --> 01:31:38,400
they see organisms like beta

2417
01:31:44,070 --> 01:31:40,960
proteobacteria commonly in the shallower

2418
01:31:47,430 --> 01:31:44,080
parts of the system at high ph and

2419
01:31:50,629 --> 01:31:47,440
organisms like chloroplaxy and candidate

2420
01:31:53,350 --> 01:31:50,639
division od1 in deeper groundwater uh

2421
01:31:56,950 --> 01:31:53,360
perhaps more representative of n member

2422
01:32:01,750 --> 01:31:59,510
my group and others uh including people

2423
01:32:04,790 --> 01:32:01,760
like don cartis uh torrey holler and tom

2424
01:32:06,709 --> 01:32:04,800
mccullum has done a lot of work uh at

2425
01:32:09,910 --> 01:32:06,719
what's known as the coast range ophilite

2426
01:32:10,950 --> 01:32:09,920
microbial observatory uh this is located

2427
01:32:12,709 --> 01:32:10,960
uh

2428
01:32:15,350 --> 01:32:12,719
you know a relatively short distance

2429
01:32:18,229 --> 01:32:15,360
away from the cedars uh in reality but

2430
01:32:20,629 --> 01:32:18,239
uh it's near lower lake california at

2431
01:32:23,189 --> 01:32:20,639
the mclaughlin natural reserve

2432
01:32:25,030 --> 01:32:23,199
and uh what's been great about this site

2433
01:32:26,870 --> 01:32:25,040
and in addition to it being at a field

2434
01:32:29,669 --> 01:32:26,880
station where we have access to a lab

2435
01:32:33,189 --> 01:32:29,679
and facilities is that we were able to

2436
01:32:36,950 --> 01:32:33,199
recover drill core from this location in

2437
01:32:39,750 --> 01:32:36,960
uh 2011 with support from the nei

2438
01:32:41,830 --> 01:32:39,760
and subsequently establish eight new

2439
01:32:44,709 --> 01:32:41,840
monitoring wells in the system to

2440
01:32:47,350 --> 01:32:44,719
conduct uh comparative experiments or

2441
01:32:49,430 --> 01:32:47,360
conduct experiments to compare

2442
01:32:51,590 --> 01:32:49,440
microbiology and geochemistry

2443
01:32:53,750 --> 01:32:51,600
geochemistry and hydrology within the

2444
01:32:55,510 --> 01:32:53,760
system and to learn something more about

2445
01:32:57,270 --> 01:32:55,520
the native populations in the

2446
01:32:59,590 --> 01:32:57,280
serpentinizing groundwater

2447
01:33:01,910 --> 01:32:59,600
so some of this work was published uh as

2448
01:33:05,030 --> 01:33:01,920
far as the operations was published in

2449
01:33:07,350 --> 01:33:05,040
2013 by don cardis in scientific

2450
01:33:09,510 --> 01:33:07,360
drilling

2451
01:33:10,310 --> 01:33:09,520
so here's an example of uh

2452
01:33:12,790 --> 01:33:10,320
of

2453
01:33:13,910 --> 01:33:12,800
mike kubo and katrina twing uh a couple

2454
01:33:16,629 --> 01:33:13,920
others uh

2455
01:33:18,390 --> 01:33:16,639
uh putting experiments down into one of

2456
01:33:19,189 --> 01:33:18,400
the wells at chromo

2457
01:33:21,030 --> 01:33:19,199
to

2458
01:33:24,070 --> 01:33:21,040
look at colonization of different

2459
01:33:25,350 --> 01:33:24,080
minerals within the groundwater as a

2460
01:33:27,830 --> 01:33:25,360
function of time

2461
01:33:29,910 --> 01:33:27,840
but just shows an example of the fact

2462
01:33:33,430 --> 01:33:29,920
that you can go out and manipulate these

2463
01:33:35,189 --> 01:33:33,440
systems and do experimental work

2464
01:33:36,709 --> 01:33:35,199
so there are challenges to these systems

2465
01:33:39,030 --> 01:33:36,719
as you may have already gained through

2466
01:33:39,990 --> 01:33:39,040
the last couple of talks so we have high

2467
01:33:42,470 --> 01:33:40,000
ph

2468
01:33:45,110 --> 01:33:42,480
uh low ea so

2469
01:33:46,390 --> 01:33:45,120
very oxidant poor environments uh in in

2470
01:33:47,990 --> 01:33:46,400
many cases

2471
01:33:50,950 --> 01:33:48,000
and the possibility for nutrient

2472
01:33:53,830 --> 01:33:50,960
limitation um so things like nitrogen

2473
01:33:55,910 --> 01:33:53,840
and phosphorus perhaps but also

2474
01:33:58,790 --> 01:33:55,920
the availability of dissolved inorganic

2475
01:34:00,629 --> 01:33:58,800
carbon and the possibility that

2476
01:34:02,149 --> 01:34:00,639
different carbon sources are necessary

2477
01:34:05,590 --> 01:34:02,159
for organisms

2478
01:34:07,189 --> 01:34:05,600
to be sustained in these environments

2479
01:34:10,149 --> 01:34:07,199
uh one of the

2480
01:34:12,229 --> 01:34:10,159
things that has been uh seen in both the

2481
01:34:13,270 --> 01:34:12,239
systems i described as well as elsewhere

2482
01:34:15,189 --> 01:34:13,280
is the

2483
01:34:18,229 --> 01:34:15,199
ubiquity of certain types of

2484
01:34:20,229 --> 01:34:18,239
microorganisms in these environments so

2485
01:34:22,950 --> 01:34:20,239
sheena suzuki published a really nice

2486
01:34:25,510 --> 01:34:22,960
paper uh isolating a new type of

2487
01:34:27,910 --> 01:34:25,520
organism called cerpenomonas

2488
01:34:29,590 --> 01:34:27,920
from the cedars she published this back

2489
01:34:32,470 --> 01:34:29,600
in 2014

2490
01:34:34,870 --> 01:34:32,480
but very similar

2491
01:34:37,750 --> 01:34:34,880
strains or similar sequences related to

2492
01:34:38,950 --> 01:34:37,760
strepnomonas have been observed in

2493
01:34:40,790 --> 01:34:38,960
high ph

2494
01:34:43,030 --> 01:34:40,800
environments around the world places

2495
01:34:45,510 --> 01:34:43,040
like the tablelands in canada

2496
01:34:46,790 --> 01:34:45,520
like deep

2497
01:34:50,149 --> 01:34:46,800
groundwater is influenced by

2498
01:34:53,350 --> 01:34:50,159
serpentinization in finland at odocompo

2499
01:34:55,669 --> 01:34:53,360
uh even in places like uh like a

2500
01:34:58,950 --> 01:34:55,679
contaminated steel slag

2501
01:35:02,070 --> 01:34:58,960
site uh industrial waste location in in

2502
01:35:04,229 --> 01:35:02,080
the midwest uh work that uh wes swingly

2503
01:35:06,790 --> 01:35:04,239
and others are doing so this this is a

2504
01:35:09,030 --> 01:35:06,800
very ubiquitous uh species of organism

2505
01:35:11,189 --> 01:35:09,040
uh in the beta pretty bacteria that's

2506
01:35:12,950 --> 01:35:11,199
been found at all these sites

2507
01:35:16,070 --> 01:35:12,960
and uh what's really interesting about

2508
01:35:17,910 --> 01:35:16,080
this is is not only its ability to stand

2509
01:35:19,669 --> 01:35:17,920
some of these extreme conditions but its

2510
01:35:21,990 --> 01:35:19,679
ability to utilize diverse carbon

2511
01:35:23,910 --> 01:35:22,000
sources uh so one of the one of the

2512
01:35:25,990 --> 01:35:23,920
fascinating aspects of this organism is

2513
01:35:26,790 --> 01:35:26,000
that connect it's actually been shown to

2514
01:35:28,790 --> 01:35:26,800
use

2515
01:35:35,270 --> 01:35:28,800
solid calcium carbonate as a source of

2516
01:35:40,790 --> 01:35:38,229
others including my laboratory and

2517
01:35:42,790 --> 01:35:40,800
billy brazelton and several other groups

2518
01:35:45,030 --> 01:35:42,800
have taken meta genomics approaches to

2519
01:35:46,950 --> 01:35:45,040
surprise hosted communities

2520
01:35:49,030 --> 01:35:46,960
so

2521
01:35:51,350 --> 01:35:49,040
in other words what this means is going

2522
01:35:53,990 --> 01:35:51,360
about extracting the genomic dna from

2523
01:35:56,870 --> 01:35:54,000
the natural communities in these systems

2524
01:36:00,070 --> 01:35:56,880
and studying the genetic content of of

2525
01:36:01,590 --> 01:36:00,080
their genomes to try to infer uh aspects

2526
01:36:03,669 --> 01:36:01,600
of their function and their functional

2527
01:36:05,990 --> 01:36:03,679
potential so some of this first work we

2528
01:36:09,590 --> 01:36:06,000
did in this regard was at the tablelands

2529
01:36:11,750 --> 01:36:09,600
published in 2012 by braceleton

2530
01:36:13,990 --> 01:36:11,760
identifying genes involved in hydrogen

2531
01:36:16,870 --> 01:36:14,000
oxidation and carbon monoxide

2532
01:36:18,149 --> 01:36:16,880
utilization from the metagenome in that

2533
01:36:19,430 --> 01:36:18,159
context

2534
01:36:22,149 --> 01:36:19,440
and then

2535
01:36:23,750 --> 01:36:22,159
recently we've looked at a series of

2536
01:36:25,189 --> 01:36:23,760
metagenomes that we have from the

2537
01:36:28,790 --> 01:36:25,199
chromosite

2538
01:36:30,629 --> 01:36:28,800
and various types of catabolic

2539
01:36:31,750 --> 01:36:30,639
or genes related to various catabolic

2540
01:36:34,229 --> 01:36:31,760
reactions

2541
01:36:36,470 --> 01:36:34,239
including hydrogen oxidation

2542
01:36:39,750 --> 01:36:36,480
carbon carbon monoxide

2543
01:36:42,390 --> 01:36:39,760
oxidation assimilation and sulfur uh

2544
01:36:44,390 --> 01:36:42,400
metabolisms and and map those out uh

2545
01:36:46,390 --> 01:36:44,400
versus ph at the chromo wells and so

2546
01:36:48,709 --> 01:36:46,400
that's what you see in the lower right

2547
01:36:51,590 --> 01:36:48,719
hand of this figure is is the diversity

2548
01:36:55,189 --> 01:36:51,600
of of genes and functions uh in some of

2549
01:36:57,270 --> 01:36:55,199
the wells uh at very high ph so uh

2550
01:36:59,750 --> 01:36:57,280
supporting this idea that hydrogen

2551
01:37:02,229 --> 01:36:59,760
carbon monoxide are are important and

2552
01:37:04,149 --> 01:37:02,239
even potentially acetogenesis which is

2553
01:37:09,109 --> 01:37:04,159
why i was asking everett about this uh

2554
01:37:12,790 --> 01:37:11,030
all right but uh

2555
01:37:15,030 --> 01:37:12,800
but so again these are these are just a

2556
01:37:17,590 --> 01:37:15,040
few examples of ophiolites that are out

2557
01:37:19,990 --> 01:37:17,600
there uh everett's mentioned uh the

2558
01:37:22,470 --> 01:37:20,000
samael ophelite in oman this world's

2559
01:37:24,470 --> 01:37:22,480
largest ophelia exposure where you have

2560
01:37:26,950 --> 01:37:24,480
exposed sections of oceanic crust and

2561
01:37:29,750 --> 01:37:26,960
upper mantle and there's ongoing

2562
01:37:32,390 --> 01:37:29,760
drilling project in oman including many

2563
01:37:34,550 --> 01:37:32,400
members of the nai rpl team

2564
01:37:36,470 --> 01:37:34,560
like alexis's group

2565
01:37:39,350 --> 01:37:36,480
to take part and participate in this

2566
01:37:40,830 --> 01:37:39,360
project and study both the organisms in

2567
01:37:43,109 --> 01:37:40,840
the groundwater as well as the

2568
01:37:44,550 --> 01:37:43,119
biogeochemistry of core samples coming

2569
01:37:46,950 --> 01:37:44,560
up from very deep

2570
01:37:48,470 --> 01:37:46,960
within the system

2571
01:37:51,350 --> 01:37:48,480
there's also a really interesting site

2572
01:37:54,070 --> 01:37:51,360
that's been studied lately in the santa

2573
01:37:56,149 --> 01:37:54,080
elena ophelia in costa rica which is a

2574
01:37:58,470 --> 01:37:56,159
tropical stratanizing environment

2575
01:38:01,270 --> 01:37:58,480
characterized by very extreme seasonal

2576
01:38:02,790 --> 01:38:01,280
wet dry cycles so short residence times

2577
01:38:04,310 --> 01:38:02,800
rapid recharge

2578
01:38:06,790 --> 01:38:04,320
and one of the things that we've

2579
01:38:09,109 --> 01:38:06,800
observed through sequence based studies

2580
01:38:11,350 --> 01:38:09,119
of this system are that there are

2581
01:38:13,830 --> 01:38:11,360
relatively abundant methanogens uh in

2582
01:38:17,270 --> 01:38:13,840
that environment and so perhaps there's

2583
01:38:19,669 --> 01:38:17,280
a link between these shorts recharge

2584
01:38:21,430 --> 01:38:19,679
events and the possibility for

2585
01:38:22,790 --> 01:38:21,440
biological methanogenesis in these

2586
01:38:24,229 --> 01:38:22,800
systems so it's

2587
01:38:25,590 --> 01:38:24,239
in the context of what we've talked

2588
01:38:27,590 --> 01:38:25,600
about over the past couple of

2589
01:38:30,629 --> 01:38:27,600
presentations that that's a really

2590
01:38:36,470 --> 01:38:30,639
interesting uh variation on on this

2591
01:38:39,590 --> 01:38:37,350
so

2592
01:38:41,750 --> 01:38:39,600
you know in terms of astrobiology what's

2593
01:38:43,350 --> 01:38:41,760
what are some of the interesting things

2594
01:38:45,270 --> 01:38:43,360
that have come out of this work well

2595
01:38:47,510 --> 01:38:45,280
we've we've

2596
01:38:49,510 --> 01:38:47,520
learned something about adaptations to

2597
01:38:52,390 --> 01:38:49,520
high ph environments to surpatinizing

2598
01:38:54,070 --> 01:38:52,400
environments uh high ph in itself does

2599
01:38:55,990 --> 01:38:54,080
not appear to be an impediment to life

2600
01:38:57,669 --> 01:38:56,000
in these systems

2601
01:38:59,590 --> 01:38:57,679
but they're because

2602
01:39:02,310 --> 01:38:59,600
but there is a relatively few tax that

2603
01:39:03,990 --> 01:39:02,320
we see relatively low diversity uh that

2604
01:39:06,310 --> 01:39:04,000
are common in global strapatinizing

2605
01:39:07,590 --> 01:39:06,320
systems at least from the reports that

2606
01:39:10,149 --> 01:39:07,600
we're aware of

2607
01:39:11,990 --> 01:39:10,159
uh it also seems that uh growth of some

2608
01:39:14,070 --> 01:39:12,000
of these organisms is stimulated by

2609
01:39:16,470 --> 01:39:14,080
fluid flow and mixing that

2610
01:39:20,709 --> 01:39:16,480
perhaps this brings in the nutrients or

2611
01:39:22,950 --> 01:39:20,719
the chemical disease that's necessary to

2612
01:39:25,109 --> 01:39:22,960
really cause uh

2613
01:39:28,070 --> 01:39:25,119
sustained growth and blooms of organisms

2614
01:39:29,590 --> 01:39:28,080
in the serpentinizing systems

2615
01:39:31,750 --> 01:39:29,600
second point is that methanogenic

2616
01:39:33,910 --> 01:39:31,760
archaea are surprisingly absent in many

2617
01:39:36,790 --> 01:39:33,920
of these continental circanites does

2618
01:39:39,189 --> 01:39:36,800
this mean that there's a ph limitation

2619
01:39:41,030 --> 01:39:39,199
competition with acetogens or other

2620
01:39:42,149 --> 01:39:41,040
factors limiting their growth i think

2621
01:39:43,910 --> 01:39:42,159
that's still

2622
01:39:45,030 --> 01:39:43,920
a work in progress until we get more

2623
01:39:47,030 --> 01:39:45,040
information

2624
01:39:50,310 --> 01:39:47,040
about uh the physiology of these

2625
01:39:52,390 --> 01:39:50,320
organisms but uh but it's it's really

2626
01:39:54,229 --> 01:39:52,400
been hit or miss in terms of seeing

2627
01:39:55,669 --> 01:39:54,239
archaea in many of these types of

2628
01:39:57,270 --> 01:39:55,679
systems

2629
01:39:59,830 --> 01:39:57,280
and then what sort of strategies do

2630
01:40:03,030 --> 01:39:59,840
organisms have to to gain nutrients

2631
01:40:04,950 --> 01:40:03,040
noxins particularly carbon uh

2632
01:40:06,950 --> 01:40:04,960
species in some of these systems there's

2633
01:40:08,790 --> 01:40:06,960
some evidence that organisms are

2634
01:40:10,790 --> 01:40:08,800
fermenting organic acids in some of

2635
01:40:13,030 --> 01:40:10,800
these environments and again are those

2636
01:40:15,590 --> 01:40:13,040
organic acids derived from

2637
01:40:17,750 --> 01:40:15,600
sedimentary inputs from from preformed

2638
01:40:20,149 --> 01:40:17,760
organic matter or from a biogenic

2639
01:40:22,870 --> 01:40:20,159
organic matter these are all questions

2640
01:40:25,030 --> 01:40:22,880
that are still out there

2641
01:40:26,950 --> 01:40:25,040
um a second interesting thing that's

2642
01:40:29,189 --> 01:40:26,960
come about is for many years people have

2643
01:40:31,750 --> 01:40:29,199
talked about serpentinites and spreading

2644
01:40:33,669 --> 01:40:31,760
icing systems as places that were

2645
01:40:35,350 --> 01:40:33,679
likely quite common geologically on the

2646
01:40:38,550 --> 01:40:35,360
early earth

2647
01:40:40,870 --> 01:40:38,560
and that perhaps sustained some of the

2648
01:40:42,870 --> 01:40:40,880
chemical reactions and important in

2649
01:40:45,109 --> 01:40:42,880
prebiotic chemistry

2650
01:40:47,270 --> 01:40:45,119
places like the lost city type of system

2651
01:40:48,790 --> 01:40:47,280
where you have thermal and chemical

2652
01:40:51,189 --> 01:40:48,800
gradients

2653
01:40:54,070 --> 01:40:51,199
and compartments uh facilitating the

2654
01:40:56,070 --> 01:40:54,080
origins in the early evolution of life

2655
01:40:58,629 --> 01:40:56,080
at the same time there was a a paper

2656
01:40:59,510 --> 01:40:58,639
recently uh this past summer that looked

2657
01:41:00,229 --> 01:40:59,520
at

2658
01:41:02,310 --> 01:41:00,239
the

2659
01:41:04,470 --> 01:41:02,320
phylogenetic analyses of published

2660
01:41:06,910 --> 01:41:04,480
genomes and microorganisms not just

2661
01:41:08,709 --> 01:41:06,920
extremophiles not just

2662
01:41:10,950 --> 01:41:08,719
serpentinite-derived organisms but

2663
01:41:12,790 --> 01:41:10,960
published genomes in general to try to

2664
01:41:14,990 --> 01:41:12,800
boil down what some of the

2665
01:41:17,430 --> 01:41:15,000
common

2666
01:41:19,109 --> 01:41:17,440
physiological functions were of these

2667
01:41:21,189 --> 01:41:19,119
organisms and a lot of the genes that

2668
01:41:23,109 --> 01:41:21,199
came out of this analysis by bill

2669
01:41:25,030 --> 01:41:23,119
martin's group

2670
01:41:26,790 --> 01:41:25,040
showed that

2671
01:41:29,030 --> 01:41:26,800
many of the genes that were observed

2672
01:41:31,030 --> 01:41:29,040
were also very parallel to sorts of

2673
01:41:33,669 --> 01:41:31,040
things we're seeing in modern

2674
01:41:35,750 --> 01:41:33,679
serpentinizing systems so i think from

2675
01:41:37,510 --> 01:41:35,760
both the bottom-up and top-down

2676
01:41:39,830 --> 01:41:37,520
sorts of approaches it's it's kind of

2677
01:41:44,629 --> 01:41:39,840
converging upon these stropatinizing

2678
01:41:49,350 --> 01:41:47,350
uh and then thirdly uh

2679
01:41:51,510 --> 01:41:49,360
just pointing out that biosignature

2680
01:41:53,030 --> 01:41:51,520
detection is both uh

2681
01:41:55,590 --> 01:41:53,040
is both very challenging in these

2682
01:41:57,189 --> 01:41:55,600
systems but also uh could be very

2683
01:42:00,149 --> 01:41:57,199
informative and particularly in

2684
01:42:01,990 --> 01:42:00,159
relationship to how we might conduct the

2685
01:42:03,030 --> 01:42:02,000
same sort of analyses on other planets

2686
01:42:05,030 --> 01:42:03,040
and moons

2687
01:42:07,109 --> 01:42:05,040
so generally you have very low cell

2688
01:42:09,030 --> 01:42:07,119
numbers in a lot of serpentinites uh

2689
01:42:12,709 --> 01:42:09,040
places like the theaters have

2690
01:42:14,870 --> 01:42:12,719
are very very low cell numbers in them

2691
01:42:16,470 --> 01:42:14,880
sometimes in the range of 10 or 100

2692
01:42:18,149 --> 01:42:16,480
cells per milliliter

2693
01:42:20,390 --> 01:42:18,159
you have overlapping microbial

2694
01:42:22,950 --> 01:42:20,400
thermogenic and ebiogenic sources of

2695
01:42:25,510 --> 01:42:22,960
some of the compounds including methane

2696
01:42:28,790 --> 01:42:25,520
so to figure out how to decipher those

2697
01:42:30,390 --> 01:42:28,800
various sources how to how to tell uh

2698
01:42:32,229 --> 01:42:30,400
different sources apart from one another

2699
01:42:34,950 --> 01:42:32,239
and what uh

2700
01:42:36,550 --> 01:42:34,960
what mechanisms are being used

2701
01:42:39,189 --> 01:42:36,560
um

2702
01:42:41,750 --> 01:42:39,199
on the left here uh

2703
01:42:44,149 --> 01:42:41,760
is some work recently out of shuheiono's

2704
01:42:45,590 --> 01:42:44,159
lab at mit this is david

2705
01:42:47,669 --> 01:42:45,600
wang's paper

2706
01:42:49,510 --> 01:42:47,679
and showing some of the different

2707
01:42:52,550 --> 01:42:49,520
methane topolog values that were

2708
01:42:54,550 --> 01:42:52,560
obtained from methane samples at both

2709
01:42:58,310 --> 01:42:54,560
the chromosite and the cedars showing

2710
01:43:00,229 --> 01:42:58,320
quite different uh values depending upon

2711
01:43:02,070 --> 01:43:00,239
yeah let me figure out where the arrow

2712
01:43:03,430 --> 01:43:02,080
is here

2713
01:43:04,390 --> 01:43:03,440
okay

2714
01:43:05,430 --> 01:43:04,400
so the

2715
01:43:07,750 --> 01:43:05,440
the

2716
01:43:09,430 --> 01:43:07,760
cedars is right here

2717
01:43:11,270 --> 01:43:09,440
but i'm moving this around maybe that's

2718
01:43:12,709 --> 01:43:11,280
not worthwhile

2719
01:43:14,709 --> 01:43:12,719
well in any case

2720
01:43:15,990 --> 01:43:14,719
uh you're seeing a system

2721
01:43:17,270 --> 01:43:16,000
sorry to interrupt if you want to just

2722
01:43:19,510 --> 01:43:17,280
click on the slide where you want the

2723
01:43:21,430 --> 01:43:19,520
error to go it'll behave a little nicer

2724
01:43:23,510 --> 01:43:21,440
i see okay

2725
01:43:25,590 --> 01:43:23,520
well any case the the methane isotope

2726
01:43:27,430 --> 01:43:25,600
log values of the seeders which is where

2727
01:43:30,149 --> 01:43:27,440
my arrow currently is

2728
01:43:32,470 --> 01:43:30,159
versus chromo uh

2729
01:43:33,510 --> 01:43:32,480
and i switched slides

2730
01:43:35,270 --> 01:43:33,520
uh

2731
01:43:37,669 --> 01:43:35,280
any case um

2732
01:43:39,750 --> 01:43:37,679
are quite different uh

2733
01:43:41,030 --> 01:43:39,760
suggesting different contributions of

2734
01:43:43,990 --> 01:43:41,040
either

2735
01:43:46,950 --> 01:43:44,000
microbial thermogenic or abiogenic

2736
01:43:48,709 --> 01:43:46,960
sources are of methane

2737
01:43:51,109 --> 01:43:48,719
thank you xuhay for piping in there with

2738
01:43:52,629 --> 01:43:51,119
some information about which is which

2739
01:43:55,189 --> 01:43:52,639
i appreciate it

2740
01:43:57,590 --> 01:43:55,199
um so various sources of methane

2741
01:43:59,510 --> 01:43:57,600
contributing to the the isotope log

2742
01:44:01,590 --> 01:43:59,520
signatures in these settings

2743
01:44:03,350 --> 01:44:01,600
also there's a potential look at some

2744
01:44:05,109 --> 01:44:03,360
different dissolved organic compounds or

2745
01:44:07,990 --> 01:44:05,119
metabolites in these systems perhaps

2746
01:44:09,030 --> 01:44:08,000
things like organic sulfur compounds or

2747
01:44:11,270 --> 01:44:09,040
other

2748
01:44:13,510 --> 01:44:11,280
organic acids would be worthwhile to

2749
01:44:15,510 --> 01:44:13,520
investigate in terms of biosignature

2750
01:44:17,830 --> 01:44:15,520
detection and continental

2751
01:44:19,189 --> 01:44:17,840
uh cerpentinites provide another

2752
01:44:20,709 --> 01:44:19,199
environment that we could look at these

2753
01:44:22,310 --> 01:44:20,719
sorts of effects

2754
01:44:24,149 --> 01:44:22,320
and then finally i would say that

2755
01:44:25,910 --> 01:44:24,159
consideration of seasonal or episodic

2756
01:44:27,109 --> 01:44:25,920
effects are also important so to

2757
01:44:29,189 --> 01:44:27,119
understand

2758
01:44:30,709 --> 01:44:29,199
uh issues related to

2759
01:44:33,270 --> 01:44:30,719
uh you know

2760
01:44:35,430 --> 01:44:33,280
fluid recharge fluid

2761
01:44:37,750 --> 01:44:35,440
efflux from these continental springs

2762
01:44:40,149 --> 01:44:37,760
and how does my parallel things we

2763
01:44:41,830 --> 01:44:40,159
observe on places like mars

2764
01:44:44,709 --> 01:44:41,840
would also be an interesting area of

2765
01:44:46,390 --> 01:44:44,719
study the temporal aspect

2766
01:44:48,790 --> 01:44:46,400
and then finally i just wanted to point

2767
01:44:50,870 --> 01:44:48,800
out that serpent that surprising

2768
01:44:52,950 --> 01:44:50,880
ophiolites are not the only sites of

2769
01:44:53,910 --> 01:44:52,960
ongoing serpentinization that there are

2770
01:44:56,149 --> 01:44:53,920
actually

2771
01:44:58,470 --> 01:44:56,159
um ultramafic intrusions in various

2772
01:45:00,070 --> 01:44:58,480
settings that may provide an interesting

2773
01:45:02,870 --> 01:45:00,080
uh comparison

2774
01:45:05,189 --> 01:45:02,880
to some of these uh paleo seafloor

2775
01:45:08,229 --> 01:45:05,199
that's being serpentinized so places

2776
01:45:09,669 --> 01:45:08,239
like the quebec david uh

2777
01:45:11,669 --> 01:45:09,679
serpentinite

2778
01:45:14,870 --> 01:45:11,679
influence wells in portugal that igor

2779
01:45:17,510 --> 01:45:14,880
thiago in portugal is looking at

2780
01:45:19,990 --> 01:45:17,520
have in some cases very similar

2781
01:45:22,550 --> 01:45:20,000
uh characteristics uh microbiologically

2782
01:45:25,270 --> 01:45:22,560
to what we observe in the ophelites so

2783
01:45:27,669 --> 01:45:25,280
uh abundant clostridium beta pretty

2784
01:45:29,910 --> 01:45:27,679
bacteria in other cases these can be

2785
01:45:32,470 --> 01:45:29,920
very stagnant uh sorts of environments

2786
01:45:34,790 --> 01:45:32,480
so so less influence of surface

2787
01:45:36,149 --> 01:45:34,800
groundwater and recharge

2788
01:45:37,189 --> 01:45:36,159
another site that's been looked at

2789
01:45:38,629 --> 01:45:37,199
recently

2790
01:45:41,109 --> 01:45:38,639
in collaboration

2791
01:45:43,430 --> 01:45:41,119
uh between my lab and barb sherwood

2792
01:45:45,030 --> 01:45:43,440
lawler up in toronto is looking at

2793
01:45:46,310 --> 01:45:45,040
serpentinizing kimber lights up in

2794
01:45:48,390 --> 01:45:46,320
kirkland lake

2795
01:45:49,830 --> 01:45:48,400
in ontario and

2796
01:45:52,149 --> 01:45:49,840
where you have

2797
01:45:54,470 --> 01:45:52,159
these deep ultramafic rocks coming near

2798
01:45:57,830 --> 01:45:54,480
the surface completely in a different

2799
01:46:00,070 --> 01:45:57,840
geographic setting from the

2800
01:46:02,229 --> 01:46:00,080
with uh some interesting parallels and

2801
01:46:03,270 --> 01:46:02,239
some interesting contrast to what's been

2802
01:46:05,270 --> 01:46:03,280
observed

2803
01:46:06,950 --> 01:46:05,280
so i think i'll leave it at that and

2804
01:46:08,790 --> 01:46:06,960
hopefully have a chance to answer some

2805
01:46:11,270 --> 01:46:08,800
questions related to this and i hope

2806
01:46:12,790 --> 01:46:11,280
it's given you a flavor of

2807
01:46:14,629 --> 01:46:12,800
what we've seen in some of these systems

2808
01:46:17,830 --> 01:46:14,639
and leads well into what beth will be

2809
01:46:22,070 --> 01:46:20,629
great thanks matt i think uh ava asked a

2810
01:46:24,310 --> 01:46:22,080
good question that would be good to

2811
01:46:25,430 --> 01:46:24,320
start with which is that alkaline lakes

2812
01:46:26,870 --> 01:46:25,440
are some of the most productive

2813
01:46:28,790 --> 01:46:26,880
ecosystems on earth why are

2814
01:46:29,830 --> 01:46:28,800
serpentinizing settings so much less

2815
01:46:31,510 --> 01:46:29,840
productive

2816
01:46:32,790 --> 01:46:31,520
and perhaps as part of your answer you

2817
01:46:36,390 --> 01:46:32,800
could give us

2818
01:46:39,430 --> 01:46:36,400
a brief explanation for why high ph is a

2819
01:46:42,070 --> 01:46:39,440
challenge to biology

2820
01:46:43,750 --> 01:46:42,080
yeah i mean i i think this is still a

2821
01:46:45,669 --> 01:46:43,760
work in progress but

2822
01:46:47,750 --> 01:46:45,679
uh high ph uh

2823
01:46:50,070 --> 01:46:47,760
is a challenge to bio biology at least

2824
01:46:53,270 --> 01:46:50,080
uh from what we know in the literature

2825
01:46:55,590 --> 01:46:53,280
um because many organisms require proton

2826
01:46:58,310 --> 01:46:55,600
motive force to generate energy

2827
01:47:00,310 --> 01:46:58,320
to generate atp and so the fact that you

2828
01:47:02,709 --> 01:47:00,320
have uh

2829
01:47:04,709 --> 01:47:02,719
protons being extremely unstable in the

2830
01:47:06,870 --> 01:47:04,719
extracellular environment

2831
01:47:10,870 --> 01:47:06,880
is probably a first order challenge to

2832
01:47:13,910 --> 01:47:10,880
this whole uh situation um and so they

2833
01:47:16,550 --> 01:47:13,920
need to go to great efforts to to

2834
01:47:19,109 --> 01:47:16,560
generate some sort of force and

2835
01:47:21,030 --> 01:47:19,119
at least in alkaline light lakes in many

2836
01:47:23,510 --> 01:47:21,040
cases there is the potential to use

2837
01:47:26,950 --> 01:47:23,520
other ions as a source of uh generating

2838
01:47:28,629 --> 01:47:26,960
this this gradient whereas uh in many of

2839
01:47:30,950 --> 01:47:28,639
these tripenizing systems you're dealing

2840
01:47:33,109 --> 01:47:30,960
with very fresh water conditions

2841
01:47:37,430 --> 01:47:33,119
that are not

2842
01:47:39,350 --> 01:47:37,440
providing those ions for for uh

2843
01:47:40,390 --> 01:47:39,360
generation of the

2844
01:47:41,350 --> 01:47:40,400
those

2845
01:47:43,910 --> 01:47:41,360
gradients

2846
01:47:45,830 --> 01:47:43,920
but i also think just thinking back to

2847
01:47:46,950 --> 01:47:45,840
what i think it was everett was talking

2848
01:47:48,550 --> 01:47:46,960
about is

2849
01:47:50,790 --> 01:47:48,560
perhaps some of the chemistry we're

2850
01:47:52,870 --> 01:47:50,800
seeing is not so much because of some

2851
01:47:56,229 --> 01:47:52,880
active metabolism but it's because of

2852
01:47:57,270 --> 01:47:56,239
what's not being consumed perhaps

2853
01:48:00,629 --> 01:47:57,280
the

2854
01:48:01,990 --> 01:48:00,639
systems is leaving compounds like

2855
01:48:05,030 --> 01:48:02,000
ammonium

2856
01:48:07,990 --> 01:48:05,040
behind and so we also need to consider

2857
01:48:11,750 --> 01:48:08,000
that in terms of the context of

2858
01:48:14,310 --> 01:48:13,189
yeah thanks

2859
01:48:17,109 --> 01:48:14,320
for the answer

2860
01:48:18,950 --> 01:48:17,119
uh earlier beth orkut asked whether you

2861
01:48:20,950 --> 01:48:18,960
could elaborate on the mechanisms that

2862
01:48:23,990 --> 01:48:20,960
are being used to access carbon from

2863
01:48:27,350 --> 01:48:25,590
uh you know i

2864
01:48:29,350 --> 01:48:27,360
don't know much more about it than what

2865
01:48:32,550 --> 01:48:29,360
was published in shino's paper that they

2866
01:48:35,430 --> 01:48:32,560
provided some sort of uh fine-grained

2867
01:48:37,590 --> 01:48:35,440
suspension of calcium carbonate that

2868
01:48:38,950 --> 01:48:37,600
these organisms were able to

2869
01:48:40,550 --> 01:48:38,960
utilize

2870
01:48:42,629 --> 01:48:40,560
and it seemed like they were attached to

2871
01:48:43,830 --> 01:48:42,639
the particles from what i recall

2872
01:48:46,149 --> 01:48:43,840
uh so that there's some sort of

2873
01:48:47,430 --> 01:48:46,159
interaction between the solid surfaces

2874
01:48:50,629 --> 01:48:47,440
with the organisms and the solid

2875
01:48:52,310 --> 01:48:50,639
surfaces but in terms of the

2876
01:48:53,910 --> 01:48:52,320
you know fine scale mechanisms i'm not

2877
01:48:54,790 --> 01:48:53,920
entirely sure

2878
01:48:58,550 --> 01:48:54,800
although

2879
01:49:00,709 --> 01:48:58,560
annie typed in it looks like and uh

2880
01:49:04,229 --> 01:49:00,719
perhaps she has more insight into into

2881
01:49:09,430 --> 01:49:07,510
thanks and john asks whether we have a

2882
01:49:11,350 --> 01:49:09,440
sense as to what the bias signature

2883
01:49:13,109 --> 01:49:11,360
preservation potential of the carbonates

2884
01:49:16,629 --> 01:49:13,119
are do they preserve organics or

2885
01:49:19,350 --> 01:49:16,639
biogenic textures or structures

2886
01:49:20,950 --> 01:49:19,360
i mean i think even dating back to

2887
01:49:22,950 --> 01:49:20,960
what we saw in the lost city chimneys

2888
01:49:26,709 --> 01:49:22,960
many years ago

2889
01:49:29,030 --> 01:49:26,719
it certainly looks like the

2890
01:49:31,750 --> 01:49:29,040
the filaments and and the biofilm serve

2891
01:49:33,830 --> 01:49:31,760
as uh as a template for precipitation of

2892
01:49:36,709 --> 01:49:33,840
some of these uh

2893
01:49:38,709 --> 01:49:36,719
carbonate phases so uh that in itself

2894
01:49:41,030 --> 01:49:38,719
could be an interesting avenue to

2895
01:49:42,870 --> 01:49:41,040
explore in terms of uh biosignatures and

2896
01:49:44,870 --> 01:49:42,880
streptonizing systems

2897
01:49:48,229 --> 01:49:44,880
uh in terms of the

2898
01:49:49,430 --> 01:49:48,239
ability to preserve organics or biogenic

2899
01:49:52,149 --> 01:49:49,440
i guess

2900
01:49:53,430 --> 01:49:52,159
by organics is the main thing uh

2901
01:49:55,750 --> 01:49:53,440
um

2902
01:49:57,750 --> 01:49:55,760
i i don't know for sure whether whether

2903
01:49:59,669 --> 01:49:57,760
circanizing systems are more or less

2904
01:50:02,790 --> 01:49:59,679
prone to preserving organics than other

2905
01:50:04,550 --> 01:50:02,800
types of systems i would think that

2906
01:50:06,790 --> 01:50:04,560
organisms in these systems living

2907
01:50:09,109 --> 01:50:06,800
organisms because they're so

2908
01:50:12,070 --> 01:50:09,119
desperate for carbon

2909
01:50:13,750 --> 01:50:12,080
might have strategies to extract any

2910
01:50:14,790 --> 01:50:13,760
edible carbon out of some of these

2911
01:50:17,030 --> 01:50:14,800
organic

2912
01:50:22,229 --> 01:50:17,040
structures that are available but that's

2913
01:50:26,629 --> 01:50:24,390
and thank you annie for elaborating on

2914
01:50:27,990 --> 01:50:26,639
these issues in the chat window

2915
01:50:29,750 --> 01:50:28,000
that's what we want to use the chat one

2916
01:50:31,830 --> 01:50:29,760
before so cool

2917
01:50:33,990 --> 01:50:31,840
um maybe that's a good time to move on

2918
01:50:35,189 --> 01:50:34,000
to our fourth invited talk thank you

2919
01:50:41,030 --> 01:50:35,199
very much matt

2920
01:50:45,750 --> 01:50:44,229
so fourth invited talk of the day is

2921
01:50:48,310 --> 01:50:45,760
from benton workout

2922
01:50:51,270 --> 01:50:48,320
about drilling industrial nights go

2923
01:50:54,790 --> 01:50:52,870
okay beth you're the presenter now so if

2924
01:51:07,589 --> 01:50:54,800
you could start your webcam and take it

2925
01:51:07,599 --> 01:51:26,950
beth looks like you're still muted

2926
01:51:31,109 --> 01:51:28,870
beth you need the instructions for to

2927
01:51:32,390 --> 01:51:31,119
call

2928
01:51:35,430 --> 01:51:32,400
i'm gonna pull those up for you real

2929
01:51:37,430 --> 01:51:35,440
quick um so just follow the top set of

2930
01:51:39,189 --> 01:51:37,440
instructions so mute adobe connect and

2931
01:51:50,629 --> 01:51:39,199
then call the number you'll see on your

2932
01:51:53,430 --> 01:51:52,149
okay uh in the meantime bill are there

2933
01:51:54,870 --> 01:51:53,440
any other questions we didn't get to

2934
01:51:57,270 --> 01:51:54,880
maybe we could uh

2935
01:51:59,189 --> 01:51:57,280
address

2936
01:52:00,870 --> 01:51:59,199
uh no specific questions yet there's

2937
01:52:02,870 --> 01:52:00,880
still an ongoing discussion on the chat

2938
01:52:04,470 --> 01:52:02,880
window which is great

2939
01:52:06,790 --> 01:52:04,480
maybe now is a

2940
01:52:10,229 --> 01:52:06,800
good time to put out another call for

2941
01:52:11,990 --> 01:52:10,239
pop-up talks we're full for today but we

2942
01:52:14,310 --> 01:52:12,000
i believe we have openings for pop-up

2943
01:52:16,390 --> 01:52:14,320
talks tomorrow and the third day so

2944
01:52:17,589 --> 01:52:16,400
please send those slides

2945
01:52:19,350 --> 01:52:17,599
to mike

2946
01:52:26,470 --> 01:52:19,360
if you'd like to give a

2947
01:52:26,480 --> 01:52:30,870
hey everybody can you hear me

2948
01:52:40,229 --> 01:52:33,350
sorry i tried to unmute my phone and i

2949
01:52:44,149 --> 01:52:41,669
okay about these slides are coming back

2950
01:52:45,589 --> 01:52:44,159
up take it away whenever you're ready

2951
01:52:48,310 --> 01:52:45,599
okay great

2952
01:52:50,709 --> 01:52:48,320
uh well thank you to the organizers of

2953
01:52:52,310 --> 01:52:50,719
this workshop for inviting me um it's

2954
01:52:53,589 --> 01:52:52,320
been really fun to listen in on these

2955
01:52:55,830 --> 01:52:53,599
talks

2956
01:52:58,550 --> 01:52:55,840
and i'm excited to talk with you all

2957
01:53:00,550 --> 01:52:58,560
about some of the recent work we're

2958
01:53:02,629 --> 01:53:00,560
involved in trying to explore this

2959
01:53:04,950 --> 01:53:02,639
repetition that may or may not be

2960
01:53:06,470 --> 01:53:04,960
occurring in the subsurface in the area

2961
01:53:07,910 --> 01:53:06,480
of lost city

2962
01:53:09,270 --> 01:53:07,920
so for those of you who don't know me

2963
01:53:11,669 --> 01:53:09,280
i'm beth workout

2964
01:53:13,270 --> 01:53:11,679
scientist at the bigelow laboratory

2965
01:53:14,550 --> 01:53:13,280
and the work that i'll be talking about

2966
01:53:16,790 --> 01:53:14,560
is

2967
01:53:19,669 --> 01:53:16,800
related to an ocean drilling expedition

2968
01:53:21,270 --> 01:53:19,679
um so iodp is the logo up there

2969
01:53:22,629 --> 01:53:21,280
but there's also several partners

2970
01:53:24,310 --> 01:53:22,639
involved in this work

2971
01:53:27,270 --> 01:53:24,320
including

2972
01:53:29,189 --> 01:53:27,280
our nasa nai life underground project um

2973
01:53:30,790 --> 01:53:29,199
funding from cw and the urban

2974
01:53:31,830 --> 01:53:30,800
observatory

2975
01:53:33,430 --> 01:53:31,840
and so

2976
01:53:35,750 --> 01:53:33,440
um i want to talk to you today about

2977
01:53:38,709 --> 01:53:35,760
some of the challenges and fun things

2978
01:53:40,950 --> 01:53:38,719
that we're learning from this system so

2979
01:53:44,149 --> 01:53:40,960
let's see how this works okay

2980
01:53:45,589 --> 01:53:44,159
um so this is probably no surprise to

2981
01:53:47,270 --> 01:53:45,599
everybody um

2982
01:53:49,109 --> 01:53:47,280
participating in this workshop but i

2983
01:53:49,990 --> 01:53:49,119
just like to put it here to

2984
01:53:52,149 --> 01:53:50,000
um

2985
01:53:54,470 --> 01:53:52,159
remind myself why we're so excited about

2986
01:53:57,189 --> 01:53:54,480
this um and thinking about energy

2987
01:53:59,750 --> 01:53:57,199
sources or life that we could be looking

2988
01:54:01,990 --> 01:53:59,760
for in other environments um

2989
01:54:03,430 --> 01:54:02,000
that's kind of what got me excited about

2990
01:54:06,550 --> 01:54:03,440
this field way back when i was a student

2991
01:54:08,950 --> 01:54:06,560
and i'm still excited about it now

2992
01:54:11,510 --> 01:54:08,960
and as several others have already shown

2993
01:54:12,550 --> 01:54:11,520
and just to reiterate here to the team

2994
01:54:15,270 --> 01:54:12,560
um

2995
01:54:17,669 --> 01:54:15,280
you know we're looking at how the fluid

2996
01:54:19,430 --> 01:54:17,679
rock reactions occurring with these

2997
01:54:21,030 --> 01:54:19,440
minerals in the mantle

2998
01:54:24,390 --> 01:54:21,040
on mantle rocks

2999
01:54:26,790 --> 01:54:24,400
can lead to the formation of chemistry

3000
01:54:29,990 --> 01:54:26,800
and conditions that could support life

3001
01:54:32,310 --> 01:54:30,000
independent of photosynthesis

3002
01:54:34,629 --> 01:54:32,320
and

3003
01:54:37,189 --> 01:54:34,639
but also some of those the chemistry of

3004
01:54:38,790 --> 01:54:37,199
some of those reactions also leads to

3005
01:54:41,030 --> 01:54:38,800
challenges for life so we're trying to

3006
01:54:42,790 --> 01:54:41,040
tease that apart um and we really want

3007
01:54:44,870 --> 01:54:42,800
to get into the rocks where this

3008
01:54:47,510 --> 01:54:44,880
reactions may be occurring and not just

3009
01:54:50,070 --> 01:54:47,520
looking at the surface expression

3010
01:54:52,870 --> 01:54:50,080
of those processes and so as billy has

3011
01:54:54,709 --> 01:54:52,880
talked about and matt and susan um you

3012
01:54:56,709 --> 01:54:54,719
know the lost city vents the beautiful

3013
01:54:59,350 --> 01:54:56,719
vents there um where you have these

3014
01:55:00,950 --> 01:54:59,360
carbonate chimneys are giving us a mixed

3015
01:55:04,550 --> 01:55:00,960
signal of what's happening in the

3016
01:55:06,550 --> 01:55:04,560
subsurface and what's happening um

3017
01:55:09,350 --> 01:55:06,560
influenced by the seawater that's around

3018
01:55:10,870 --> 01:55:09,360
it but the motivation for the project

3019
01:55:12,550 --> 01:55:10,880
that i'll be talking about is to try to

3020
01:55:14,550 --> 01:55:12,560
get into the rocks where these reactions

3021
01:55:16,070 --> 01:55:14,560
may be occurring in the modern day

3022
01:55:18,149 --> 01:55:16,080
to see

3023
01:55:20,229 --> 01:55:18,159
what microbiology may look like in this

3024
01:55:21,669 --> 01:55:20,239
environment and how microbiology may

3025
01:55:25,430 --> 01:55:21,679
affect

3026
01:55:30,149 --> 01:55:28,390
so just to reorient you in case you um

3027
01:55:32,470 --> 01:55:30,159
are not familiar with where the atlantis

3028
01:55:35,350 --> 01:55:32,480
masses is or where bigelow is which is

3029
01:55:37,830 --> 01:55:35,360
where i'm located um we're working on

3030
01:55:39,990 --> 01:55:37,840
the western side of the mid-atlantic

3031
01:55:41,669 --> 01:55:40,000
bridge and to zoom in on that

3032
01:55:43,990 --> 01:55:41,679
environment and talk a little bit more

3033
01:55:46,070 --> 01:55:44,000
about how it was formed i'm not sure

3034
01:55:48,550 --> 01:55:46,080
where this black square came from up

3035
01:55:50,950 --> 01:55:48,560
here in the top left that's okay

3036
01:55:53,189 --> 01:55:50,960
to orient you in this bottom image north

3037
01:55:55,350 --> 01:55:53,199
is pointing towards the bottom right

3038
01:55:57,510 --> 01:55:55,360
hand corner

3039
01:55:58,950 --> 01:55:57,520
and the idea here is that as the plates

3040
01:55:59,750 --> 01:55:58,960
are pulling apart

3041
01:56:01,669 --> 01:55:59,760
you

3042
01:56:05,270 --> 01:56:01,679
process these tectonic processes that

3043
01:56:07,510 --> 01:56:05,280
led to the uplift of mantle rock

3044
01:56:09,510 --> 01:56:07,520
in this mountain that forms the atlantis

3045
01:56:11,270 --> 01:56:09,520
massive and there has been drilling

3046
01:56:16,070 --> 01:56:11,280
previously in the central dome of the

3047
01:56:17,830 --> 01:56:16,080
atlantis masses mainly recovering gabros

3048
01:56:19,990 --> 01:56:17,840
and the motivation for this recent

3049
01:56:21,589 --> 01:56:20,000
drilling expedition was to really go

3050
01:56:23,189 --> 01:56:21,599
into

3051
01:56:25,589 --> 01:56:23,199
yes this

3052
01:56:27,669 --> 01:56:25,599
southern end of the rift

3053
01:56:30,390 --> 01:56:27,679
the lost city vents are basically just

3054
01:56:32,790 --> 01:56:30,400
on the back side of this to get into

3055
01:56:35,430 --> 01:56:32,800
these rocks and to drill a transect

3056
01:56:38,229 --> 01:56:35,440
across this environment where

3057
01:56:40,950 --> 01:56:38,239
rocks on this end um were potentially

3058
01:56:42,629 --> 01:56:40,960
deeper in the crust but haven't been

3059
01:56:45,430 --> 01:56:42,639
exposed for the

3060
01:56:47,669 --> 01:56:45,440
shortest length of time at the sea floor

3061
01:56:49,109 --> 01:56:47,679
as opposed to rocks over here which

3062
01:56:51,109 --> 01:56:49,119
were shallower

3063
01:56:53,350 --> 01:56:51,119
and have been exposed for longer periods

3064
01:56:56,709 --> 01:56:53,360
of time and to go across this gradient

3065
01:56:59,510 --> 01:56:56,719
and collect rocks to see um

3066
01:57:01,669 --> 01:56:59,520
what processes may be occurring um

3067
01:57:03,350 --> 01:57:01,679
related to feminization

3068
01:57:05,350 --> 01:57:03,360
and so we went out and drilled this

3069
01:57:06,709 --> 01:57:05,360
expedition um

3070
01:57:10,229 --> 01:57:06,719
in

3071
01:57:11,830 --> 01:57:10,239
october 2015 through december 2015. and

3072
01:57:13,750 --> 01:57:11,840
typically with a drilling expedition you

3073
01:57:15,510 --> 01:57:13,760
would go out with a drill ship

3074
01:57:17,510 --> 01:57:15,520
and lower a giant drill pipe into the

3075
01:57:19,350 --> 01:57:17,520
seafloor and core into your

3076
01:57:21,510 --> 01:57:19,360
environment but that was not going to

3077
01:57:23,430 --> 01:57:21,520
work for the atlantis masses for

3078
01:57:25,109 --> 01:57:23,440
multiple reasons

3079
01:57:27,189 --> 01:57:25,119
it's relatively challenging to drill

3080
01:57:29,350 --> 01:57:27,199
right into rock at the sea floor which

3081
01:57:32,390 --> 01:57:29,360
we knew the environment would be like

3082
01:57:35,589 --> 01:57:32,400
based on submersible diets

3083
01:57:37,270 --> 01:57:35,599
but also there was a strong desire to

3084
01:57:39,990 --> 01:57:37,280
recover

3085
01:57:42,390 --> 01:57:40,000
this these shallow sequences um at the

3086
01:57:44,229 --> 01:57:42,400
very top of the atlantis massif where

3087
01:57:46,790 --> 01:57:44,239
these processes are going to occur and

3088
01:57:48,870 --> 01:57:46,800
with traditional drilling um

3089
01:57:50,550 --> 01:57:48,880
uh

3090
01:57:52,950 --> 01:57:50,560
like done with an ocean drilling vessel

3091
01:57:54,950 --> 01:57:52,960
you would usually get 10 to 20 recovery

3092
01:57:56,310 --> 01:57:54,960
if you're lucky and often the rocks are

3093
01:57:59,510 --> 01:57:56,320
very broken up

3094
01:58:01,750 --> 01:57:59,520
um and fractured and we wanted to use a

3095
01:58:04,229 --> 01:58:01,760
drilling platform that would allow us to

3096
01:58:07,189 --> 01:58:04,239
get very high recovery in these upper

3097
01:58:09,109 --> 01:58:07,199
carbonate cap sequences

3098
01:58:10,550 --> 01:58:09,119
and so

3099
01:58:14,310 --> 01:58:10,560
the

3100
01:58:17,189 --> 01:58:14,320
massey expedition was to use what's

3101
01:58:18,950 --> 01:58:17,199
called a seabed drill and so the idea

3102
01:58:21,750 --> 01:58:18,960
here is that you have a self-contained

3103
01:58:23,910 --> 01:58:21,760
drilling system here's a cartoon of a

3104
01:58:25,910 --> 01:58:23,920
person for scale

3105
01:58:27,910 --> 01:58:25,920
and this system would be

3106
01:58:29,270 --> 01:58:27,920
lowered down from a research vessel to

3107
01:58:31,510 --> 01:58:29,280
the sea floor

3108
01:58:32,950 --> 01:58:31,520
connected by an umbilical that runs

3109
01:58:34,709 --> 01:58:32,960
power

3110
01:58:36,550 --> 01:58:34,719
video etc

3111
01:58:39,830 --> 01:58:36,560
all the drilling is done in place all

3112
01:58:41,669 --> 01:58:39,840
the cores are collected into a magazine

3113
01:58:44,390 --> 01:58:41,679
and then the entire drill rig is brought

3114
01:58:45,669 --> 01:58:44,400
back onto the ship and just to show you

3115
01:58:48,310 --> 01:58:45,679
what this kind of looks like it's all

3116
01:58:51,030 --> 01:58:48,320
controlled from the little van um kind

3117
01:58:53,350 --> 01:58:51,040
of like driving a video game and

3118
01:58:55,350 --> 01:58:53,360
you can also see what the c4 looks like

3119
01:58:56,950 --> 01:58:55,360
which is actually very helpful in our

3120
01:58:59,350 --> 01:58:56,960
case because in some cases we could see

3121
01:59:02,390 --> 01:58:59,360
bubbles coming out of the sea floor as

3122
01:59:05,589 --> 01:59:02,400
our operations were occurring

3123
01:59:07,189 --> 01:59:05,599
um so there are several c drills that

3124
01:59:08,950 --> 01:59:07,199
exist that are used in industry and

3125
01:59:10,790 --> 01:59:08,960
there's also some that are more specific

3126
01:59:14,870 --> 01:59:10,800
for scientific research

3127
01:59:16,629 --> 01:59:14,880
um and so the two that we used um one is

3128
01:59:17,910 --> 01:59:16,639
for the called the amiibo drill it's

3129
01:59:19,350 --> 01:59:17,920
from germany

3130
01:59:21,510 --> 01:59:19,360
um from

3131
01:59:23,189 --> 01:59:21,520
bremen and the maram team and then

3132
01:59:25,589 --> 01:59:23,199
there's another rock drill that we used

3133
01:59:28,950 --> 01:59:25,599
called the rock drill 2 that's operated

3134
01:59:30,790 --> 01:59:28,960
by the british geological survey

3135
01:59:33,270 --> 01:59:30,800
and again the motivation for this was to

3136
01:59:35,109 --> 01:59:33,280
use these systems so that we could

3137
01:59:37,430 --> 01:59:35,119
get higher core recovery than would

3138
01:59:41,750 --> 01:59:37,440
traditionally be possible

3139
01:59:46,709 --> 01:59:45,109
we also wanted to soup up these systems

3140
01:59:48,310 --> 01:59:46,719
to do more than they had ever done

3141
01:59:49,430 --> 01:59:48,320
before so that we could really

3142
01:59:52,470 --> 01:59:49,440
understand

3143
01:59:54,790 --> 01:59:52,480
if surprising was occurring

3144
01:59:56,870 --> 01:59:54,800
and generating methane and hydrogen and

3145
01:59:58,950 --> 01:59:56,880
changes in redux chemistry

3146
02:00:00,790 --> 01:59:58,960
and so as part of this expedition there

3147
02:00:03,270 --> 02:00:00,800
were several technology developments

3148
02:00:05,750 --> 02:00:03,280
that our team was involved in to make

3149
02:00:07,910 --> 02:00:05,760
these drills um even more capable than

3150
02:00:09,350 --> 02:00:07,920
they already were in collecting courses

3151
02:00:11,189 --> 02:00:09,360
so one of those

3152
02:00:13,589 --> 02:00:11,199
was that we wanted to add the capacity

3153
02:00:15,990 --> 02:00:13,599
for collecting bottom water as well as

3154
02:00:17,990 --> 02:00:16,000
water that would be coming out of the

3155
02:00:21,589 --> 02:00:18,000
borehole as we're drilling so that we

3156
02:00:24,470 --> 02:00:21,599
could see changes in fluid chemistry

3157
02:00:26,790 --> 02:00:24,480
we added on several in-situ sensors that

3158
02:00:30,390 --> 02:00:26,800
would also be sampling

3159
02:00:32,709 --> 02:00:30,400
this environment as we're drilling

3160
02:00:34,070 --> 02:00:32,719
and allow us to sense things like

3161
02:00:36,550 --> 02:00:34,080
methane

3162
02:00:39,510 --> 02:00:36,560
redox conditions ph

3163
02:00:41,030 --> 02:00:39,520
and also dissolved oxygen conductivity

3164
02:00:42,709 --> 02:00:41,040
etc

3165
02:00:44,390 --> 02:00:42,719
so we designed a system that could

3166
02:00:46,790 --> 02:00:44,400
enable us to do that

3167
02:00:50,550 --> 02:00:46,800
we also designed a system that we could

3168
02:00:52,229 --> 02:00:50,560
mount onto the drills where

3169
02:00:54,070 --> 02:00:52,239
unlike a traditional drilling vessel

3170
02:00:55,830 --> 02:00:54,080
where as you're drilling you're pumping

3171
02:00:58,390 --> 02:00:55,840
down muds and things help with the

3172
02:01:00,550 --> 02:00:58,400
drilling process

3173
02:01:02,950 --> 02:01:00,560
since all of the drilling is done on the

3174
02:01:05,189 --> 02:01:02,960
seafloor self-contained we needed to

3175
02:01:07,270 --> 02:01:05,199
come up with a system for delivering

3176
02:01:08,629 --> 02:01:07,280
synthetic tracers

3177
02:01:10,790 --> 02:01:08,639
as we were drilling so that we could

3178
02:01:13,350 --> 02:01:10,800
assess the quality of the core material

3179
02:01:15,510 --> 02:01:13,360
we brought back for doing microbiome

3180
02:01:18,229 --> 02:01:15,520
biological analysis so we came up with a

3181
02:01:20,550 --> 02:01:18,239
small pump system to inject a synthetic

3182
02:01:23,430 --> 02:01:20,560
tracer during drilling

3183
02:01:25,750 --> 02:01:23,440
and showed that that worked quite well

3184
02:01:27,910 --> 02:01:25,760
and then finally one of the things that

3185
02:01:30,550 --> 02:01:27,920
we wanted to do was not just drill a

3186
02:01:33,189 --> 02:01:30,560
hole and collect core material and then

3187
02:01:35,830 --> 02:01:33,199
leave we wanted to be able to seal off

3188
02:01:37,669 --> 02:01:35,840
the holes that we drilled

3189
02:01:41,270 --> 02:01:37,679
instrumentation that would allow us to

3190
02:01:43,510 --> 02:01:41,280
come back with an rov or a submersible

3191
02:01:45,430 --> 02:01:43,520
and directly sample the fluids in these

3192
02:01:47,350 --> 02:01:45,440
boreholes because that fluid would give

3193
02:01:49,350 --> 02:01:47,360
us the best indication

3194
02:01:51,430 --> 02:01:49,360
of what the fluid chemistry is like in

3195
02:01:53,189 --> 02:01:51,440
these environments

3196
02:01:55,270 --> 02:01:53,199
whereas the water coming out during

3197
02:01:57,189 --> 02:01:55,280
drilling is highly mixed with seawater

3198
02:01:58,790 --> 02:01:57,199
during the drilling process so we also

3199
02:01:59,750 --> 02:01:58,800
came up with a system for these borehole

3200
02:02:01,270 --> 02:01:59,760
plugs

3201
02:02:04,229 --> 02:02:01,280
so i'm going to show you a little bit of

3202
02:02:06,070 --> 02:02:04,239
some of the data that came from

3203
02:02:07,830 --> 02:02:06,080
some of these

3204
02:02:09,830 --> 02:02:07,840
technology developments but there's more

3205
02:02:12,070 --> 02:02:09,840
information available in the preliminary

3206
02:02:14,310 --> 02:02:12,080
report about this expedition if you are

3207
02:02:15,830 --> 02:02:14,320
interested

3208
02:02:17,669 --> 02:02:15,840
just to kind of show you what this looks

3209
02:02:19,990 --> 02:02:17,679
like instead of just a cartoon version

3210
02:02:22,310 --> 02:02:20,000
this is an image from taken from some of

3211
02:02:23,750 --> 02:02:22,320
the cameras on the rock drill

3212
02:02:24,709 --> 02:02:23,760
one of the rock drills while we were

3213
02:02:27,189 --> 02:02:24,719
drilling

3214
02:02:28,870 --> 02:02:27,199
and it's showing here kind of in a

3215
02:02:31,430 --> 02:02:28,880
snapshot but if you can imagine this is

3216
02:02:34,310 --> 02:02:31,440
a video of

3217
02:02:37,350 --> 02:02:34,320
fluid coming out of the open borehole as

3218
02:02:39,270 --> 02:02:37,360
we're changing around drill pipe

3219
02:02:41,350 --> 02:02:39,280
showing that there was a advection

3220
02:02:43,750 --> 02:02:41,360
coming out of the system and so in

3221
02:02:46,470 --> 02:02:43,760
system boreholes like these is where we

3222
02:02:49,510 --> 02:02:46,480
would install these borehole plugs and

3223
02:02:51,350 --> 02:02:49,520
aim to go back in 2018 to collect

3224
02:02:54,950 --> 02:02:51,360
samples

3225
02:03:00,709 --> 02:02:56,149
so

3226
02:03:02,229 --> 02:03:00,719
drilled they have these wonderful site

3227
02:03:04,870 --> 02:03:02,239
names based on the ocean drilling

3228
02:03:05,830 --> 02:03:04,880
program naming system

3229
02:03:08,550 --> 02:03:05,840
and

3230
02:03:10,070 --> 02:03:08,560
one of the exciting things for us

3231
02:03:12,470 --> 02:03:10,080
is that

3232
02:03:14,390 --> 02:03:12,480
the team of scientists involved in doing

3233
02:03:16,629 --> 02:03:14,400
both the fluid chemistry as well as

3234
02:03:19,669 --> 02:03:16,639
collecting samples

3235
02:03:22,070 --> 02:03:19,679
of rocks from drilling we're able to see

3236
02:03:24,470 --> 02:03:22,080
that in some of the sites there were

3237
02:03:27,030 --> 02:03:24,480
elevated concentrations of methane and

3238
02:03:29,910 --> 02:03:27,040
also hydrogen in the waters that were

3239
02:03:31,510 --> 02:03:29,920
collected during the drilling process

3240
02:03:33,830 --> 02:03:31,520
and also in some of the rock samples

3241
02:03:36,550 --> 02:03:33,840
themselves so this indicates that there

3242
02:03:39,350 --> 02:03:36,560
are hot spots of methane and hydrogen

3243
02:03:41,669 --> 02:03:39,360
leaking out of the atlantis masses and

3244
02:03:43,430 --> 02:03:41,679
giving us an indication of

3245
02:03:45,750 --> 02:03:43,440
where hot spots of stabilization

3246
02:03:47,750 --> 02:03:45,760
processes may be

3247
02:03:49,589 --> 02:03:47,760
this is relatively new data there's a

3248
02:03:51,669 --> 02:03:49,599
lot more work to be done looking at

3249
02:03:54,470 --> 02:03:51,679
isotopes and things like that to figure

3250
02:03:56,790 --> 02:03:54,480
out where this methane and hydrogen may

3251
02:03:58,629 --> 02:03:56,800
be coming from but i just want to give

3252
02:04:01,030 --> 02:03:58,639
you a little taste of what we've found

3253
02:04:02,870 --> 02:04:01,040
so far

3254
02:04:04,870 --> 02:04:02,880
so some of the other outcomes and i'm

3255
02:04:07,510 --> 02:04:04,880
sorry it looks like the picture i had of

3256
02:04:08,709 --> 02:04:07,520
yuki morono doing cell counts didn't

3257
02:04:10,149 --> 02:04:08,719
show up

3258
02:04:12,149 --> 02:04:10,159
but some of our outcomes from the

3259
02:04:14,709 --> 02:04:12,159
expedition so far and again this is less

3260
02:04:16,950 --> 02:04:14,719
than a year old is that we got really

3261
02:04:20,069 --> 02:04:16,960
excellent recovery um although we didn't

3262
02:04:22,950 --> 02:04:20,079
get as deep as we would like of um

3263
02:04:25,189 --> 02:04:22,960
these carbonate cap uh sequences on the

3264
02:04:27,030 --> 02:04:25,199
top of the redness masses and so the

3265
02:04:28,709 --> 02:04:27,040
petrologists that are part of our team

3266
02:04:30,629 --> 02:04:28,719
are very excited to

3267
02:04:31,750 --> 02:04:30,639
piece this all apart and

3268
02:04:33,510 --> 02:04:31,760
um

3269
02:04:35,750 --> 02:04:33,520
learn about the processes of

3270
02:04:38,629 --> 02:04:35,760
surfatization and fluid rock reactions

3271
02:04:40,470 --> 02:04:38,639
and alteration so stay tuned for that

3272
02:04:42,950 --> 02:04:40,480
we were able to demonstrate on this

3273
02:04:44,950 --> 02:04:42,960
expedition

3274
02:04:47,350 --> 02:04:44,960
that these new technologies for

3275
02:04:48,870 --> 02:04:47,360
assessing the quality of our samples

3276
02:04:50,390 --> 02:04:48,880
seem to work really well and i think

3277
02:04:53,030 --> 02:04:50,400
these are important

3278
02:04:55,830 --> 02:04:53,040
topics to consider for designing systems

3279
02:04:57,430 --> 02:04:55,840
to go to other planets and how we assess

3280
02:04:58,550 --> 02:04:57,440
the quality of those materials that are

3281
02:05:01,270 --> 02:04:58,560
brought back

3282
02:05:04,310 --> 02:05:01,280
um because of doing all this work to

3283
02:05:06,069 --> 02:05:04,320
show that we can limit contamination um

3284
02:05:07,669 --> 02:05:06,079
we also can show that we really

3285
02:05:10,229 --> 02:05:07,679
collected some great samples for doing

3286
02:05:12,069 --> 02:05:10,239
microbiological analyses and several of

3287
02:05:14,550 --> 02:05:12,079
the scientists participating in this

3288
02:05:16,229 --> 02:05:14,560
workshop um are involved in doing some

3289
02:05:19,830 --> 02:05:16,239
of those experiments to look at which

3290
02:05:21,830 --> 02:05:19,840
microbial processes are occurring

3291
02:05:23,830 --> 02:05:21,840
and

3292
02:05:25,109 --> 02:05:23,840
how they might be affecting fluid rock

3293
02:05:27,189 --> 02:05:25,119
reactions

3294
02:05:28,950 --> 02:05:27,199
and as i mentioned before we also see

3295
02:05:29,990 --> 02:05:28,960
this evidence of methane and hydrogen

3296
02:05:31,510 --> 02:05:30,000
leakage

3297
02:05:34,550 --> 02:05:31,520
across the massif

3298
02:05:37,030 --> 02:05:34,560
um and that needs to be connected with

3299
02:05:37,990 --> 02:05:37,040
these um

3300
02:05:39,750 --> 02:05:38,000
uh

3301
02:05:41,189 --> 02:05:39,760
more detailed analyses of the rock cores

3302
02:05:42,950 --> 02:05:41,199
to try to figure out if the

3303
02:05:44,550 --> 02:05:42,960
serpentinization processes are occurring

3304
02:05:48,550 --> 02:05:44,560
in the modern environment or if there

3305
02:05:50,790 --> 02:05:48,560
are indications of past activity

3306
02:05:52,790 --> 02:05:50,800
and so as i've alluded to there are many

3307
02:05:55,189 --> 02:05:52,800
many many scientists involved in this

3308
02:05:56,950 --> 02:05:55,199
expedition all of this work is ongoing

3309
02:05:59,910 --> 02:05:56,960
we're actually still in the moratorium

3310
02:06:02,310 --> 02:05:59,920
phase for this expedition um but the

3311
02:06:04,629 --> 02:06:02,320
expedition reports will be coming out um

3312
02:06:06,470 --> 02:06:04,639
within the next few weeks so there'll be

3313
02:06:09,189 --> 02:06:06,480
lots of material about

3314
02:06:11,270 --> 02:06:09,199
all of the rocks that we collected um uh

3315
02:06:13,109 --> 02:06:11,280
in the offshore phase and then started

3316
02:06:14,550 --> 02:06:13,119
examining in the onshore phase so i just

3317
02:06:16,550 --> 02:06:14,560
want to say thank you to all the

3318
02:06:18,709 --> 02:06:16,560
scientists that were involved

3319
02:06:21,270 --> 02:06:18,719
and just to wrap up kind of the big

3320
02:06:23,990 --> 02:06:21,280
motivations for this expedition is kind

3321
02:06:25,669 --> 02:06:24,000
of taking what matt and billy and susan

3322
02:06:28,310 --> 02:06:25,679
and everett have talked about you know

3323
02:06:30,550 --> 02:06:28,320
what is the life like on these rocks is

3324
02:06:32,390 --> 02:06:30,560
it a relatively unique is it going to

3325
02:06:34,950 --> 02:06:32,400
look like what we find in table lands

3326
02:06:36,390 --> 02:06:34,960
and chromo and other continental systems

3327
02:06:37,510 --> 02:06:36,400
or is it going to look more like last

3328
02:06:39,189 --> 02:06:37,520
city or is it going to look like

3329
02:06:40,390 --> 02:06:39,199
something totally different

3330
02:06:41,430 --> 02:06:40,400
how does that

3331
02:06:44,069 --> 02:06:41,440
life

3332
02:06:45,830 --> 02:06:44,079
there and where it is um

3333
02:06:47,109 --> 02:06:45,840
indicate what's going on in the rocks

3334
02:06:49,589 --> 02:06:47,119
themselves

3335
02:06:51,109 --> 02:06:49,599
so there's a lot more work to go on here

3336
02:06:53,750 --> 02:06:51,119
and i encourage you to stay tuned and

3337
02:06:55,669 --> 02:06:53,760
this is our expedition website

3338
02:06:57,430 --> 02:06:55,679
where information will be presented as

3339
02:06:58,870 --> 02:06:57,440
it's available

3340
02:07:00,069 --> 02:06:58,880
so i try to keep it short and sweet

3341
02:07:01,990 --> 02:07:00,079
because i want to see some of these

3342
02:07:05,109 --> 02:07:02,000
pop-up talks and save time for them so

3343
02:07:06,709 --> 02:07:05,119
i'm happy to take your question

3344
02:07:09,270 --> 02:07:06,719
thank you very much beth

3345
02:07:11,830 --> 02:07:09,280
uh we have one question so far

3346
02:07:14,629 --> 02:07:11,840
uh any plans for a long-term observatory

3347
02:07:18,550 --> 02:07:15,910
um

3348
02:07:20,950 --> 02:07:18,560
so thanks for that question during the

3349
02:07:22,149 --> 02:07:20,960
expedition we were able to successfully

3350
02:07:24,069 --> 02:07:22,159
install

3351
02:07:26,950 --> 02:07:24,079
two of these four whole

3352
02:07:29,189 --> 02:07:26,960
observatories um in two of the holes

3353
02:07:31,030 --> 02:07:29,199
um we there may be two other ones that

3354
02:07:32,870 --> 02:07:31,040
are installed we're not sure of the

3355
02:07:34,470 --> 02:07:32,880
quality of those installations because

3356
02:07:36,310 --> 02:07:34,480
it was really like you pull off the

3357
02:07:38,310 --> 02:07:36,320
drill rig as you're installing it and

3358
02:07:40,790 --> 02:07:38,320
kind of leave it blind but we won't know

3359
02:07:43,589 --> 02:07:40,800
until 2018 when we go back

3360
02:07:45,510 --> 02:07:43,599
how well they worked um

3361
02:07:47,109 --> 02:07:45,520
but the idea is that this infrastructure

3362
02:07:49,270 --> 02:07:47,119
is there and in place

3363
02:07:50,870 --> 02:07:49,280
it could be used as an observatory

3364
02:07:52,790 --> 02:07:50,880
should there be interest in doing it and

3365
02:07:55,189 --> 02:07:52,800
should the infrastructure

3366
02:07:56,870 --> 02:07:55,199
work the way that we designed it

3367
02:07:58,470 --> 02:07:56,880
and uh if you have more questions about

3368
02:08:00,550 --> 02:07:58,480
that susan and billy would be good

3369
02:08:03,669 --> 02:08:00,560
people to ask because they're

3370
02:08:05,510 --> 02:08:03,679
part of the expedition to go back there

3371
02:08:07,669 --> 02:08:05,520
yeah stay tuned

3372
02:08:09,830 --> 02:08:07,679
uh don cartas asks if there's any chance

3373
02:08:11,669 --> 02:08:09,840
of using the methane probe technology at

3374
02:08:13,589 --> 02:08:11,679
other sites

3375
02:08:15,589 --> 02:08:13,599
yeah thanks john for that question so

3376
02:08:18,149 --> 02:08:15,599
the methane sensor that we use is

3377
02:08:20,310 --> 02:08:18,159
actually a commercial project product

3378
02:08:23,350 --> 02:08:20,320
available from brenetech

3379
02:08:25,350 --> 02:08:23,360
it was designed for use in other systems

3380
02:08:27,589 --> 02:08:25,360
oil field type work

3381
02:08:31,990 --> 02:08:27,599
and we basically incorporated that

3382
02:08:32,870 --> 02:08:32,000
methane probe into a seabird ctd package

3383
02:08:34,550 --> 02:08:32,880
to

3384
02:08:36,709 --> 02:08:34,560
measure the concentrations and i should

3385
02:08:38,310 --> 02:08:36,719
say that my ability really led a lot of

3386
02:08:41,430 --> 02:08:38,320
that work um that's his field of

3387
02:08:44,149 --> 02:08:41,440
expertise um so that sensor exists

3388
02:08:46,470 --> 02:08:44,159
people can buy it um the one that we use

3389
02:08:48,470 --> 02:08:46,480
is um currently at the british

3390
02:08:51,189 --> 02:08:48,480
geological survey and with the amiibo

3391
02:08:52,950 --> 02:08:51,199
team and it could be part of the kit

3392
02:08:55,510 --> 02:08:52,960
for those rock drills should people want

3393
02:08:59,109 --> 02:08:55,520
to use those rock drills for

3394
02:09:02,229 --> 02:09:00,149
thanks

3395
02:09:05,510 --> 02:09:02,239
i have one more question and while i ask

3396
02:09:07,589 --> 02:09:05,520
i can say that people are

3397
02:09:09,350 --> 02:09:07,599
welcome to ask questions for any of the

3398
02:09:11,750 --> 02:09:09,360
talks today before we move on to the

3399
02:09:14,390 --> 02:09:11,760
pop-up talks pretty soon so my question

3400
02:09:15,510 --> 02:09:14,400
is um continuing with my proposed theme

3401
02:09:17,109 --> 02:09:15,520
of

3402
02:09:18,550 --> 02:09:17,119
uh how to make measurements at the

3403
02:09:20,629 --> 02:09:18,560
surface in order to understand what's

3404
02:09:23,030 --> 02:09:20,639
going on in the subsurface would you say

3405
02:09:25,350 --> 02:09:23,040
the rocks that we recovered with this

3406
02:09:27,589 --> 02:09:25,360
expedition are more or less

3407
02:09:31,430 --> 02:09:27,599
representative of the subsurface than

3408
02:09:34,629 --> 02:09:32,790
yeah that's a fun question to think

3409
02:09:35,350 --> 02:09:34,639
about so um

3410
02:09:36,709 --> 02:09:35,360
and

3411
02:09:38,229 --> 02:09:36,719
for people that are interested in this i

3412
02:09:40,709 --> 02:09:38,239
think the expedition reports will help

3413
02:09:44,830 --> 02:09:40,719
tease us apart some of the sites that we

3414
02:09:48,069 --> 02:09:44,840
drilled if i can go back here in my

3415
02:09:50,550 --> 02:09:48,079
slides one more

3416
02:09:53,910 --> 02:09:50,560
so some of the sites that we drilled we

3417
02:09:56,149 --> 02:09:53,920
can see from the assemblage of rocks

3418
02:09:56,950 --> 02:09:56,159
that we probably are not we didn't core

3419
02:09:58,709 --> 02:09:56,960
into

3420
02:10:01,750 --> 02:09:58,719
an in-situ sequence but are actually

3421
02:10:03,109 --> 02:10:01,760
looking at more of

3422
02:10:23,350 --> 02:10:03,119
a

3423
02:10:25,830 --> 02:10:23,360
of those rocks

3424
02:10:27,990 --> 02:10:25,840
lisa and others on the phone may be able

3425
02:10:30,149 --> 02:10:28,000
to get even more indication of that we

3426
02:10:32,149 --> 02:10:30,159
can give an indication of

3427
02:10:33,830 --> 02:10:32,159
probably both

3428
02:10:35,589 --> 02:10:33,840
this down rolling process seawater

3429
02:10:37,430 --> 02:10:35,599
coming into the system and reacting and

3430
02:10:39,350 --> 02:10:37,440
precipitating carbonate

3431
02:10:41,350 --> 02:10:39,360
things like susan talked about

3432
02:10:43,350 --> 02:10:41,360
but also deeper processes are occurring

3433
02:10:45,750 --> 02:10:43,360
so i think even in the atlantis massif

3434
02:10:48,390 --> 02:10:45,760
where our deepest site is 16 meters

3435
02:10:49,430 --> 02:10:48,400
we're still looking at mixing processes

3436
02:10:52,310 --> 02:10:49,440
between

3437
02:10:54,310 --> 02:10:52,320
seawater infiltration into these systems

3438
02:10:55,669 --> 02:10:54,320
as well as processes that are coming up

3439
02:10:56,709 --> 02:10:55,679
from below

3440
02:10:58,310 --> 02:10:56,719
so

3441
02:11:00,390 --> 02:10:58,320
it's lost city

3442
02:11:02,790 --> 02:11:00,400
but a little bit deeper

3443
02:11:03,589 --> 02:11:02,800
in my opinion

3444
02:11:05,990 --> 02:11:03,599
yeah

3445
02:11:08,069 --> 02:11:06,000
it's a tough question in all of our

3446
02:11:11,270 --> 02:11:08,079
minds certainly the bubbles and the flow

3447
02:11:12,550 --> 02:11:11,280
coming up are really encouraging

3448
02:11:15,669 --> 02:11:12,560
um

3449
02:11:19,109 --> 02:11:15,679
any more questions if not we can move on

3450
02:11:19,119 --> 02:11:22,790
are those ready mike

3451
02:11:28,390 --> 02:11:25,109
uh yes they are uh first up is uh katie

3452
02:11:30,390 --> 02:11:28,400
rumford uh just give me one moment

3453
02:11:40,229 --> 02:11:30,400
thank you beth

3454
02:11:40,239 --> 02:11:43,589
all right take it away

3455
02:11:47,750 --> 02:11:45,510
okay so today i'm going to be presenting

3456
02:11:49,990 --> 02:11:47,760
some exciting new results from the rpl

3457
02:11:51,030 --> 02:11:50,000
neis team work in the sumail ophilite in

3458
02:11:53,270 --> 02:11:51,040
oman

3459
02:11:55,189 --> 02:11:53,280
and as we've been discussing all morning

3460
02:11:57,189 --> 02:11:55,199
serpentizing systems can sustain

3461
02:11:59,750 --> 02:11:57,199
microbial life through the abiotic

3462
02:12:01,990 --> 02:11:59,760
production of hydrogen and reduce carbon

3463
02:12:04,149 --> 02:12:02,000
compounds however one of the major

3464
02:12:06,310 --> 02:12:04,159
questions remaining is

3465
02:12:08,149 --> 02:12:06,320
are there actually organisms assisting

3466
02:12:11,109 --> 02:12:08,159
officer pensionization reactions in the

3467
02:12:13,350 --> 02:12:11,119
subsurface of these systems and in oman

3468
02:12:15,510 --> 02:12:13,360
we have a unique opportunity

3469
02:12:17,990 --> 02:12:15,520
to study this because we can sample deep

3470
02:12:19,750 --> 02:12:18,000
fluids from a series of wells drilled by

3471
02:12:20,950 --> 02:12:19,760
the omani government to search for water

3472
02:12:23,030 --> 02:12:20,960
resources

3473
02:12:24,870 --> 02:12:23,040
and these walls are up to 300 meters

3474
02:12:26,790 --> 02:12:24,880
deep and span the cross mantle

3475
02:12:28,709 --> 02:12:26,800
transition so we can sample from various

3476
02:12:31,350 --> 02:12:28,719
lithologies such as peridotite and

3477
02:12:34,790 --> 02:12:31,360
gabbro and also various hydrological

3478
02:12:36,870 --> 02:12:34,800
regimes such as shallow and deep flow

3479
02:12:39,350 --> 02:12:36,880
so this allows us to address even

3480
02:12:41,350 --> 02:12:39,360
another question if there is life how is

3481
02:12:42,709 --> 02:12:41,360
life distributed in the subsurface of

3482
02:12:44,470 --> 02:12:42,719
the serpentinite

3483
02:12:46,550 --> 02:12:44,480
and answering this question will be an

3484
02:12:48,629 --> 02:12:46,560
important first step towards developing

3485
02:12:50,709 --> 02:12:48,639
any predictive models for biological

3486
02:12:55,030 --> 02:12:50,719
habitability in these water rock

3487
02:13:00,470 --> 02:12:57,350
so we collected 20 deep fluid samples

3488
02:13:03,030 --> 02:13:00,480
over three years and on the left here is

3489
02:13:05,350 --> 02:13:03,040
a principal component analysis of these

3490
02:13:07,430 --> 02:13:05,360
geochemical parameters and you can see

3491
02:13:10,709 --> 02:13:07,440
that we observe highly variable fluid

3492
02:13:13,589 --> 02:13:10,719
chemistries throughout the opioid and we

3493
02:13:17,510 --> 02:13:13,599
find four main fluid types

3494
02:13:20,470 --> 02:13:17,520
we see a fluid type that is very hyper

3495
02:13:23,350 --> 02:13:20,480
alkaline calcium and methane rich

3496
02:13:25,430 --> 02:13:23,360
hosted in prototypes we see a second

3497
02:13:28,470 --> 02:13:25,440
prototype fluid that is more alkaline in

3498
02:13:31,189 --> 02:13:28,480
ph and higher in magnesium

3499
02:13:34,629 --> 02:13:31,199
we see high silica

3500
02:13:37,109 --> 02:13:34,639
gabbro hosted fluids as well as more of

3501
02:13:38,790 --> 02:13:37,119
a hybrid type fluid found at uh the

3502
02:13:39,910 --> 02:13:38,800
contact between the crest and mantle

3503
02:13:42,229 --> 02:13:39,920
boundary

3504
02:13:43,910 --> 02:13:42,239
and we think that these

3505
02:13:45,990 --> 02:13:43,920
different chemistries are really

3506
02:13:48,390 --> 02:13:46,000
reflecting differences in both the host

3507
02:13:50,709 --> 02:13:48,400
rock pathology and the extent of water

3508
02:13:53,270 --> 02:13:50,719
rock reaction

3509
02:13:55,510 --> 02:13:53,280
we are able to detect life through high

3510
02:13:57,350 --> 02:13:55,520
throughput 16s gene sequencing and all

3511
02:13:59,270 --> 02:13:57,360
these fluid types sampled

3512
02:14:01,350 --> 02:13:59,280
and interestingly these fluid types host

3513
02:14:03,030 --> 02:14:01,360
distinct microbial communities is

3514
02:14:04,870 --> 02:14:03,040
highlighted by this non-metric

3515
02:14:07,270 --> 02:14:04,880
multi-dimensional scaling analysis shown

3516
02:14:09,350 --> 02:14:07,280
on the right and so wells that plot

3517
02:14:12,229 --> 02:14:09,360
closely together have more similar

3518
02:14:14,310 --> 02:14:12,239
microbial community compositions and the

3519
02:14:15,910 --> 02:14:14,320
size of the marker reflects the richness

3520
02:14:18,790 --> 02:14:15,920
or the number of species that we

3521
02:14:21,910 --> 02:14:18,800
observed and what we see here is that in

3522
02:14:24,069 --> 02:14:21,920
the really hyper alkaline fluids

3523
02:14:25,990 --> 02:14:24,079
we see a distinct community of low

3524
02:14:28,390 --> 02:14:26,000
richness

3525
02:14:31,030 --> 02:14:28,400
and in the alkaline prototype and

3526
02:14:33,430 --> 02:14:31,040
gabriel fluids we see rich communities

3527
02:14:35,030 --> 02:14:33,440
of similar composition with contact

3528
02:14:36,149 --> 02:14:35,040
foods having its own

3529
02:14:39,589 --> 02:14:36,159
unique

3530
02:14:42,149 --> 02:14:40,390
and so

3531
02:14:44,470 --> 02:14:42,159
what we really have found is four unique

3532
02:14:46,870 --> 02:14:44,480
habitats um within the same ophelia

3533
02:14:48,390 --> 02:14:46,880
illustrated here um

3534
02:14:51,910 --> 02:14:48,400
where there's shallow flow whether it be

3535
02:14:54,950 --> 02:14:51,920
an alkaline prototype fluids or gabbro

3536
02:14:57,750 --> 02:14:54,960
we see a lower ph

3537
02:15:01,030 --> 02:14:57,760
higher dic and sulfate and nitrate

3538
02:15:03,350 --> 02:15:01,040
concentrations and here we see organisms

3539
02:15:05,310 --> 02:15:03,360
associated with nitrogen cycling such as

3540
02:15:07,669 --> 02:15:05,320
nitrospira and

3541
02:15:10,790 --> 02:15:07,679
nitrosospherase as well as candidate

3542
02:15:12,790 --> 02:15:10,800
phyllo op3 and parvarkiota

3543
02:15:15,430 --> 02:15:12,800
if fluids percolate deeper and have more

3544
02:15:18,470 --> 02:15:15,440
extensive water rock reaction

3545
02:15:21,109 --> 02:15:18,480
we see much lower dic concentrations up

3546
02:15:23,990 --> 02:15:21,119
to 2.9 millimolar hydrogen

3547
02:15:26,229 --> 02:15:24,000
concentrations and up to 2.3 millimolar

3548
02:15:29,510 --> 02:15:26,239
methane concentrations and here the

3549
02:15:31,910 --> 02:15:29,520
communities are dominated by op1 uh mayo

3550
02:15:34,069 --> 02:15:31,920
thermos the sulfate-reducing family

3551
02:15:37,750 --> 02:15:34,079
thermodynamics alpha vibronica and we

3552
02:15:39,990 --> 02:15:37,760
also see methanobacteria

3553
02:15:43,669 --> 02:15:40,000
and the contact fluids

3554
02:15:45,430 --> 02:15:43,679
likely represent zones of mixing and and

3555
02:15:47,030 --> 02:15:45,440
like in other serpentinizing systems

3556
02:15:49,830 --> 02:15:47,040
where there's mixing we see a lot of

3557
02:15:51,830 --> 02:15:49,840
beta protobacteriophyla we think these

3558
02:15:53,270 --> 02:15:51,840
represent areas of more chemical

3559
02:15:55,030 --> 02:15:53,280
disequilibria

3560
02:15:57,109 --> 02:15:55,040
we do detect some methane in these

3561
02:15:58,950 --> 02:15:57,119
fluids but higher concentrations of

3562
02:16:00,790 --> 02:15:58,960
sulfate and nitrate than in the hyper

3563
02:16:01,589 --> 02:16:00,800
alkaline fluids

3564
02:16:03,910 --> 02:16:01,599
so

3565
02:16:05,750 --> 02:16:03,920
overall the consistent parsing of these

3566
02:16:08,790 --> 02:16:05,760
microbial communities as a function of

3567
02:16:10,550 --> 02:16:08,800
fluid type likely represent differential

3568
02:16:12,790 --> 02:16:10,560
energy availability and aqueous

3569
02:16:14,470 --> 02:16:12,800
geochemistry such as ph

3570
02:16:17,750 --> 02:16:14,480
that result from these fundamental

3571
02:16:27,910 --> 02:16:17,760
differences in rock lithology as well as

3572
02:16:27,920 --> 02:16:30,790
thank you kitty

3573
02:16:34,629 --> 02:16:32,870
i have a question about the

3574
02:16:37,110 --> 02:16:34,639
uh the different kinds of fluids were

3575
02:16:38,389 --> 02:16:37,120
those uh definitions of different kinds

3576
02:16:40,870 --> 02:16:38,399
of fluids

3577
02:16:42,469 --> 02:16:40,880
uh hard cutoffs just based on your

3578
02:16:43,509 --> 02:16:42,479
chemistry measurements or were they more

3579
02:16:45,750 --> 02:16:43,519
of a

3580
02:16:48,150 --> 02:16:45,760
holistic interpretation based on your

3581
02:16:50,790 --> 02:16:48,160
insights into the system

3582
02:16:52,950 --> 02:16:50,800
uh so i base these fluid types based on

3583
02:16:54,870 --> 02:16:52,960
the principle component analysis we saw

3584
02:16:57,509 --> 02:16:54,880
with some geologic context from the

3585
02:16:59,750 --> 02:16:57,519
wells i mean there is one well that we

3586
02:17:02,150 --> 02:16:59,760
observe in this system that is on a

3587
02:17:04,790 --> 02:17:02,160
geologic contact but has fluid chemistry

3588
02:17:06,950 --> 02:17:04,800
consistent with hyper alkaline prototype

3589
02:17:08,629 --> 02:17:06,960
fluids um and so

3590
02:17:10,469 --> 02:17:08,639
that is a little more tricky so there's

3591
02:17:12,150 --> 02:17:10,479
definitely not hard cut off it was just

3592
02:17:14,469 --> 02:17:12,160
based on the principal component

3593
02:17:15,990 --> 02:17:14,479
analysis

3594
02:17:18,870 --> 02:17:16,000
okay thanks

3595
02:17:21,190 --> 02:17:18,880
don cartas asks do you see free co2 in

3596
02:17:24,389 --> 02:17:21,200
your gabbro type wells

3597
02:17:25,270 --> 02:17:24,399
so we just measure total dic and we see

3598
02:17:28,389 --> 02:17:25,280
about

3599
02:17:33,110 --> 02:17:28,399
well greater than 2.2 millimolar

3600
02:17:35,830 --> 02:17:33,990
right

3601
02:17:38,629 --> 02:17:35,840
yeah

3602
02:17:40,790 --> 02:17:38,639
um we have some typing going on don says

3603
02:17:43,429 --> 02:17:40,800
thank you jen says can you translate

3604
02:18:02,709 --> 02:17:43,439
this to a rough surface area or a

3605
02:18:07,830 --> 02:18:06,389
well so part of the question is um you

3606
02:18:10,070 --> 02:18:07,840
know rough surface area that's totally

3607
02:18:12,070 --> 02:18:10,080
exposed but when it comes to prototype i

3608
02:18:13,910 --> 02:18:12,080
don't think we have a good handle on how

3609
02:18:16,150 --> 02:18:13,920
much of the fluids that are stored in

3610
02:18:19,110 --> 02:18:16,160
the aquifer are undergoing a shallow

3611
02:18:20,950 --> 02:18:19,120
flow versus a deep flow and we only have

3612
02:18:22,830 --> 02:18:20,960
a few wells that are drilled by the

3613
02:18:25,669 --> 02:18:22,840
ministry where we can even access these

3614
02:18:27,509 --> 02:18:25,679
fluids and so until we get a better grip

3615
02:18:30,790 --> 02:18:27,519
on some of the hydrogeology of the

3616
02:18:32,709 --> 02:18:30,800
setting it would be hard to translate

3617
02:18:36,230 --> 02:18:32,719
at least the alkaline prototype versus

3618
02:18:40,870 --> 02:18:38,309
but gabriel versus prototype in general

3619
02:18:43,110 --> 02:18:40,880
would be easier but i don't have exact

3620
02:18:45,990 --> 02:18:43,120
um yeah katie you did it you did a great

3621
02:18:47,589 --> 02:18:46,000
job handling my poorly poorly expressed

3622
02:18:49,750 --> 02:18:47,599
question i was just wanting to see if

3623
02:18:51,110 --> 02:18:49,760
you could sort of rank the different

3624
02:18:53,349 --> 02:18:51,120
fluid types

3625
02:18:55,589 --> 02:18:53,359
based on how much

3626
02:18:57,990 --> 02:18:55,599
how much exposure there might be in

3627
02:19:00,070 --> 02:18:58,000
smale or other ophelites

3628
02:19:01,669 --> 02:19:00,080
just as i guess prioritize where we

3629
02:19:03,589 --> 02:19:01,679
might look for different

3630
02:19:04,549 --> 02:19:03,599
um

3631
02:19:09,110 --> 02:19:04,559
unique

3632
02:19:13,830 --> 02:19:11,910
ophelia i think there's 15 kilometers of

3633
02:19:15,669 --> 02:19:13,840
the exposed sequence and about eight of

3634
02:19:16,629 --> 02:19:15,679
it is gabbro

3635
02:19:19,349 --> 02:19:16,639
um

3636
02:19:21,509 --> 02:19:19,359
and so but within the prototype

3637
02:19:24,950 --> 02:19:21,519
i'm not sure how much of it would be a

3638
02:19:27,190 --> 02:19:24,960
hyper alkaline versus an alkaline um

3639
02:19:29,830 --> 02:19:27,200
and so i mean the this male ophelite is

3640
02:19:31,429 --> 02:19:29,840
one of the best exposed opalites so

3641
02:19:32,790 --> 02:19:31,439
there's a lot more surface area that

3642
02:19:33,990 --> 02:19:32,800
we're looking at here compared to other

3643
02:19:36,230 --> 02:19:34,000
opalites opioids

3644
02:19:38,709 --> 02:19:36,240
so depending on how much of it was

3645
02:19:40,709 --> 02:19:38,719
abducted how much of the mantle sequence

3646
02:19:43,030 --> 02:19:40,719
i think it would differ

3647
02:19:46,309 --> 02:19:43,040
cytosite

3648
02:19:50,150 --> 02:19:48,469
jesse asks what is the explanation for

3649
02:19:53,349 --> 02:19:50,160
the lack of dissolved hydrogen and three

3650
02:19:58,230 --> 02:19:55,590
so it's a

3651
02:20:00,389 --> 02:19:58,240
lack of detection so it's possible that

3652
02:20:02,469 --> 02:20:00,399
there are nanomolar concentrations of

3653
02:20:04,630 --> 02:20:02,479
hydrogen that we weren't able weren't

3654
02:20:06,630 --> 02:20:04,640
able to measure um and that organisms

3655
02:20:08,950 --> 02:20:06,640
could be drawing down this level below

3656
02:20:15,110 --> 02:20:08,960
detection but at this point we don't

3657
02:20:19,110 --> 02:20:16,710
the hyper um

3658
02:20:23,910 --> 02:20:19,120
fluids that represent extended water

3659
02:20:26,790 --> 02:20:25,429
i would say we always have the paradox

3660
02:20:28,710 --> 02:20:26,800
that if you don't see hydrogen is it

3661
02:20:31,190 --> 02:20:28,720
because it was never there because

3662
02:20:33,190 --> 02:20:31,200
biology ate it

3663
02:20:35,429 --> 02:20:33,200
thank you very much katie

3664
02:20:40,230 --> 02:20:35,439
we can move on to the second pop-up talk

3665
02:20:44,070 --> 02:20:42,870
okay don if you're on the line um

3666
02:20:46,469 --> 02:20:44,080
if you could unmute and start your

3667
02:20:49,349 --> 02:20:46,479
webcam that'd be great

3668
02:20:51,670 --> 02:20:49,359
hi this is dawn can you hear me

3669
02:20:53,429 --> 02:20:51,680
yes yes

3670
02:20:56,230 --> 02:20:53,439
oh great all right i'm starting my

3671
02:20:56,240 --> 02:21:01,349
and

3672
02:21:05,910 --> 02:21:04,389
here i am hello

3673
02:21:07,510 --> 02:21:05,920
you're almost there you're probably

3674
02:21:12,950 --> 02:21:07,520
gonna have to click start sharing on

3675
02:21:17,190 --> 02:21:14,150
should be right in the middle of your

3676
02:21:17,200 --> 02:21:20,950
perfect hi

3677
02:21:25,270 --> 02:21:22,630
and just a reminder um to advance your

3678
02:21:27,750 --> 02:21:25,280
slides click the down arrow icon to the

3679
02:21:28,630 --> 02:21:27,760
bottom left of your slides thanks okay

3680
02:21:32,150 --> 02:21:28,640
thanks

3681
02:21:34,150 --> 02:21:32,160
everybody um

3682
02:21:36,070 --> 02:21:34,160
i know i have just a few minutes

3683
02:21:39,429 --> 02:21:36,080
so i just put together a short

3684
02:21:41,510 --> 02:21:39,439
presentation here kind of an update um

3685
02:21:44,230 --> 02:21:41,520
serpentinization in the philippines and

3686
02:21:47,990 --> 02:21:44,240
i've listed next to me uh darcy meyer

3687
02:21:51,590 --> 02:21:48,000
dombard kristen weichis suhayono and

3688
02:21:53,670 --> 02:21:51,600
um kaloy arcelia so these are all

3689
02:21:55,349 --> 02:21:53,680
members of our sort of problem-solving

3690
02:21:57,670 --> 02:21:55,359
group here trying to understand uh

3691
02:21:59,750 --> 02:21:57,680
what's happening below ground at some

3692
02:22:03,349 --> 02:21:59,760
ophilite sites in the philippines and so

3693
02:22:05,429 --> 02:22:03,359
the backdrop here um is showing you some

3694
02:22:07,349 --> 02:22:05,439
the thin section and cross polars

3695
02:22:09,190 --> 02:22:07,359
showing you fractured olivine relics

3696
02:22:11,030 --> 02:22:09,200
within a mesh of serpentine and

3697
02:22:11,750 --> 02:22:11,040
magnetite rich veins

3698
02:22:15,030 --> 02:22:11,760
and

3699
02:22:17,910 --> 02:22:15,040
this is from our punbato site where we

3700
02:22:19,429 --> 02:22:17,920
visited back in 2012 2013. so this is

3701
02:22:21,670 --> 02:22:19,439
kind of a quick

3702
02:22:23,750 --> 02:22:21,680
review of what we've published back

3703
02:22:25,910 --> 02:22:23,760
two years ago and then i want to give

3704
02:22:27,670 --> 02:22:25,920
you a bit of an update okay so you're in

3705
02:22:29,830 --> 02:22:27,680
the philippines and there's

3706
02:22:31,270 --> 02:22:29,840
two areas there's many many ophelite

3707
02:22:32,870 --> 02:22:31,280
bodies in the in the philippines i want

3708
02:22:34,710 --> 02:22:32,880
you to pay attention to some bali's up

3709
02:22:36,389 --> 02:22:34,720
in the north for a moment and then i'll

3710
02:22:38,230 --> 02:22:36,399
take you down to palawan

3711
02:22:41,349 --> 02:22:38,240
uh this island that's in the lower left

3712
02:22:44,150 --> 02:22:41,359
of your screen um so previously we

3713
02:22:47,349 --> 02:22:44,160
actually had described everything that's

3714
02:22:49,349 --> 02:22:47,359
shown as a white symbol with a label

3715
02:22:51,830 --> 02:22:49,359
so up in zambale's we had monologue

3716
02:22:54,950 --> 02:22:51,840
springs the punbatto springs and then

3717
02:22:57,030 --> 02:22:54,960
agabro hosted artesian well at big biga

3718
02:23:00,389 --> 02:22:57,040
and then down in palawan san ysidro and

3719
02:23:03,590 --> 02:23:00,399
minot falls were some very warm springs

3720
02:23:05,030 --> 02:23:03,600
and then since that time we've

3721
02:23:07,190 --> 02:23:05,040
we're really interested in pursuing

3722
02:23:08,950 --> 02:23:07,200
within that sort of dashed gold circle

3723
02:23:10,469 --> 02:23:08,960
um a set of

3724
02:23:12,150 --> 02:23:10,479
what would appear to be

3725
02:23:14,389 --> 02:23:12,160
hyper alkaline and very shallow

3726
02:23:16,070 --> 02:23:14,399
groundwater flow systems in the nara

3727
02:23:18,790 --> 02:23:16,080
region of palawan

3728
02:23:20,150 --> 02:23:18,800
so first i'll look back in the zambala

3729
02:23:23,110 --> 02:23:20,160
zofiolite

3730
02:23:25,510 --> 02:23:23,120
we had described for for you all

3731
02:23:27,910 --> 02:23:25,520
multiple sites of really high ph

3732
02:23:30,309 --> 02:23:27,920
carbon monoxide methane and hydrogen

3733
02:23:32,870 --> 02:23:30,319
bearing springs and so the two that i

3734
02:23:35,830 --> 02:23:32,880
think really came out as featured in our

3735
02:23:37,830 --> 02:23:35,840
past work um were the manuelawag spring

3736
02:23:39,910 --> 02:23:37,840
and the pumbato spring so quickly on the

3737
02:23:41,110 --> 02:23:39,920
lower left well the main picture is

3738
02:23:43,670 --> 02:23:41,120
actually

3739
02:23:46,150 --> 02:23:43,680
you see calcite rafts right on the

3740
02:23:47,510 --> 02:23:46,160
surface of a of a high ph spring at

3741
02:23:49,110 --> 02:23:47,520
somewhere in the neighborhood of 11

3742
02:23:51,110 --> 02:23:49,120
that's one of our filipino colleagues

3743
02:23:52,309 --> 02:23:51,120
gamma he was a graduate student at the

3744
02:23:54,150 --> 02:23:52,319
time

3745
02:23:56,309 --> 02:23:54,160
but in the lower left inset you see two

3746
02:23:58,469 --> 02:23:56,319
stiff diagrams just showing you from

3747
02:24:01,349 --> 02:23:58,479
mondowag springs

3748
02:24:04,469 --> 02:24:01,359
on the top labeled ml1 uh the kind of

3749
02:24:06,630 --> 02:24:04,479
sort of quick image based

3750
02:24:09,750 --> 02:24:06,640
major ion chemistry that we've got

3751
02:24:12,309 --> 02:24:09,760
um so it's a calcium-rich

3752
02:24:14,389 --> 02:24:12,319
bicarbonate poor fluid with a sort of a

3753
02:24:17,429 --> 02:24:14,399
salt component there and measurable

3754
02:24:19,270 --> 02:24:17,439
chloride pumbato which is the picture on

3755
02:24:21,110 --> 02:24:19,280
the main body of the slide

3756
02:24:22,550 --> 02:24:21,120
is you see really dominated by the

3757
02:24:24,870 --> 02:24:22,560
calcium

3758
02:24:27,510 --> 02:24:24,880
as well and they both sort of proved to

3759
02:24:29,349 --> 02:24:27,520
be rich in serpentinization sort of

3760
02:24:31,910 --> 02:24:29,359
influence

3761
02:24:33,830 --> 02:24:31,920
and now here's here's an additional site

3762
02:24:37,190 --> 02:24:33,840
that we're just starting to to learn

3763
02:24:39,590 --> 02:24:37,200
about now in fact i'm refreshingly back

3764
02:24:42,309 --> 02:24:39,600
from field work down in palawan as a

3765
02:24:43,750 --> 02:24:42,319
deep carbon observatory funded uh darcy

3766
02:24:46,150 --> 02:24:43,760
and myself to go

3767
02:24:49,110 --> 02:24:46,160
and meet kristen weichis there

3768
02:24:50,630 --> 02:24:49,120
to do some additional sampling

3769
02:24:52,389 --> 02:24:50,640
and so what we found are multiple new

3770
02:24:54,710 --> 02:24:52,399
sites of high ph springs

3771
02:24:56,950 --> 02:24:54,720
and some shallow groundwater regimes and

3772
02:24:59,750 --> 02:24:56,960
some flammable gas emanating from them

3773
02:25:00,950 --> 02:24:59,760
so this was quite a forensic study um

3774
02:25:03,270 --> 02:25:00,960
just kind of

3775
02:25:04,710 --> 02:25:03,280
exploring the landscape and figuring out

3776
02:25:07,030 --> 02:25:04,720
uh where it might be good for future

3777
02:25:08,389 --> 02:25:07,040
endeavors what you're seeing left in

3778
02:25:10,630 --> 02:25:08,399
sort of the center of your screen it

3779
02:25:11,750 --> 02:25:10,640
looks sort of a bluish green pool

3780
02:25:13,750 --> 02:25:11,760
is

3781
02:25:14,870 --> 02:25:13,760
an excavation down through some chalk

3782
02:25:17,190 --> 02:25:14,880
crusts

3783
02:25:21,190 --> 02:25:17,200
and the standing water

3784
02:25:23,270 --> 02:25:21,200
is elevated in ph it's a high tens or 11

3785
02:25:25,429 --> 02:25:23,280
and it has some really interesting

3786
02:25:26,950 --> 02:25:25,439
carbonate formations

3787
02:25:28,790 --> 02:25:26,960
that seem to be following lines of

3788
02:25:30,550 --> 02:25:28,800
groundwater seepage down through that

3789
02:25:31,349 --> 02:25:30,560
excavation

3790
02:25:33,590 --> 02:25:31,359
and

3791
02:25:35,110 --> 02:25:33,600
let's see i think i can

3792
02:25:36,790 --> 02:25:35,120
there used to be a way for me to get a

3793
02:25:37,750 --> 02:25:36,800
pointer i'm not sure with this new

3794
02:25:39,990 --> 02:25:37,760
screen

3795
02:25:42,630 --> 02:25:40,000
let's see here right here

3796
02:25:45,750 --> 02:25:42,640
so i think you can see my green arrow so

3797
02:25:47,190 --> 02:25:45,760
up here would be this um excavation

3798
02:25:48,150 --> 02:25:47,200
that was

3799
02:25:49,990 --> 02:25:48,160
yes

3800
02:25:51,510 --> 02:25:50,000
i'll bring the slides back um just click

3801
02:25:54,389 --> 02:25:51,520
where you want the pointer to go and

3802
02:25:56,870 --> 02:25:54,399
then um that'll keep your slides still

3803
02:25:59,590 --> 02:25:56,880
okay right there so now you're seeing a

3804
02:26:03,429 --> 02:25:59,600
green pointer into that same excavated

3805
02:26:08,790 --> 02:26:05,750
organic rich

3806
02:26:10,469 --> 02:26:08,800
based on color anyway uh carbonate

3807
02:26:12,469 --> 02:26:10,479
material that was sort of crumbling

3808
02:26:14,309 --> 02:26:12,479
right off of the edge where there was

3809
02:26:16,309 --> 02:26:14,319
groundwater seepage we we sort of

3810
02:26:17,670 --> 02:26:16,319
prospected around with a multiprobe

3811
02:26:19,270 --> 02:26:17,680
meter and found that this was where

3812
02:26:21,349 --> 02:26:19,280
there was the highest ph and the lowest

3813
02:26:23,190 --> 02:26:21,359
orp in the standing water and you have

3814
02:26:24,550 --> 02:26:23,200
all this carbonate

3815
02:26:26,630 --> 02:26:24,560
formation

3816
02:26:28,230 --> 02:26:26,640
on the right i'll see if i can click

3817
02:26:29,910 --> 02:26:28,240
over the right okay so now the green

3818
02:26:31,750 --> 02:26:29,920
arrow has moved to the right at a new

3819
02:26:34,309 --> 02:26:31,760
site called governor spring

3820
02:26:35,750 --> 02:26:34,319
where we had my field notebook open to

3821
02:26:37,830 --> 02:26:35,760
my left here

3822
02:26:40,870 --> 02:26:37,840
we had at the source which is shown

3823
02:26:42,710 --> 02:26:40,880
right there water is coming out from

3824
02:26:44,469 --> 02:26:42,720
kind of a bedrock contact with some

3825
02:26:48,389 --> 02:26:44,479
travertine deposits

3826
02:26:50,550 --> 02:26:48,399
we had phs ranging from 11.34 up to

3827
02:26:52,950 --> 02:26:50,560
11.42

3828
02:26:55,590 --> 02:26:52,960
and some orp data screaming down to

3829
02:26:58,230 --> 02:26:55,600
about minus 655

3830
02:27:00,389 --> 02:26:58,240
millivolts in terms of raw orp data and

3831
02:27:02,870 --> 02:27:00,399
so these are areas that are just begging

3832
02:27:05,110 --> 02:27:02,880
for a greater description and some of

3833
02:27:06,150 --> 02:27:05,120
the preliminary gas collecting that we

3834
02:27:09,030 --> 02:27:06,160
did there

3835
02:27:10,790 --> 02:27:09,040
will soon be characterized by our whole

3836
02:27:14,389 --> 02:27:10,800
team here

3837
02:27:16,469 --> 02:27:14,399
and so i need to to really

3838
02:27:18,790 --> 02:27:16,479
recognize though kristen why cheese is

3839
02:27:20,550 --> 02:27:18,800
with us as a postdoc in shu heono's lab

3840
02:27:22,630 --> 02:27:20,560
and we're really excited for all the

3841
02:27:24,870 --> 02:27:22,640
data and interpretations we'll soon be

3842
02:27:26,950 --> 02:27:24,880
able to to provide you

3843
02:27:29,990 --> 02:27:26,960
so thank you this is the closing shot

3844
02:27:31,830 --> 02:27:30,000
just a word on it um is an actual it's a

3845
02:27:33,510 --> 02:27:31,840
new sort of field

3846
02:27:36,469 --> 02:27:33,520
locality for me

3847
02:27:37,910 --> 02:27:36,479
um that cursor can go away although i

3848
02:27:39,670 --> 02:27:37,920
don't know how to

3849
02:27:41,910 --> 02:27:39,680
undo it there we go this is an

3850
02:27:44,710 --> 02:27:41,920
ultramafic conglomerate actually and so

3851
02:27:45,990 --> 02:27:44,720
there's some cement crusts that are sort

3852
02:27:48,230 --> 02:27:46,000
of filling it in and this is a real

3853
02:27:50,630 --> 02:27:48,240
weathered spot at the edge

3854
02:27:53,190 --> 02:27:50,640
of near to one of our our higher ph

3855
02:27:55,190 --> 02:27:53,200
steep areas and i i'm finding it really

3856
02:27:57,750 --> 02:27:55,200
interesting that we have a

3857
02:27:59,349 --> 02:27:57,760
i tuned in after teaching just when matt

3858
02:28:00,950 --> 02:27:59,359
frank was mentioning

3859
02:28:03,190 --> 02:28:00,960
you know maybe different kinds of

3860
02:28:05,270 --> 02:28:03,200
environments where serpentinization can

3861
02:28:08,309 --> 02:28:05,280
be continuing and here we have

3862
02:28:10,790 --> 02:28:08,319
um kind of landscape scale giant

3863
02:28:12,389 --> 02:28:10,800
conglomerate with serpentinite boulders

3864
02:28:13,990 --> 02:28:12,399
and some really interesting

3865
02:28:16,389 --> 02:28:14,000
geochemical signals uh that's

3866
02:28:19,030 --> 02:28:16,399
repetitization continues

3867
02:28:22,230 --> 02:28:19,040
so thank you and i will be happy to

3868
02:28:25,990 --> 02:28:24,389
thank you don um it's like someone's

3869
02:28:28,469 --> 02:28:26,000
typing i'll ask one question in the

3870
02:28:31,270 --> 02:28:28,479
meantime which is do you know anything

3871
02:28:34,150 --> 02:28:31,280
about salinity or conductivity of these

3872
02:28:35,670 --> 02:28:34,160
new springs matt was talking about how

3873
02:28:38,150 --> 02:28:35,680
the extremely low

3874
02:28:40,309 --> 02:28:38,160
salinity low level of ions and other

3875
02:28:42,309 --> 02:28:40,319
compound systems is a big challenge for

3876
02:28:44,230 --> 02:28:42,319
life

3877
02:28:46,230 --> 02:28:44,240
well for all i mean i have some

3878
02:28:48,309 --> 02:28:46,240
environmental probe data

3879
02:28:49,349 --> 02:28:48,319
that we've just collected so the first

3880
02:28:50,389 --> 02:28:49,359
was that

3881
02:28:53,190 --> 02:28:50,399
um

3882
02:28:54,870 --> 02:28:53,200
sort of the chalk crest x dugout that we

3883
02:28:56,630 --> 02:28:54,880
were that we were looking in the

3884
02:28:59,349 --> 02:28:56,640
conductivity was there was just shy of

3885
02:29:01,270 --> 02:28:59,359
one millisiemens so it was something i'm

3886
02:29:02,349 --> 02:29:01,280
looking at the range

3887
02:29:06,790 --> 02:29:02,359
it was

3888
02:29:08,870 --> 02:29:06,800
0.937 to 0.949 in in millisiemens and

3889
02:29:10,790 --> 02:29:08,880
then for the governor's spring which was

3890
02:29:12,070 --> 02:29:10,800
the one that i had the source pointed

3891
02:29:14,309 --> 02:29:12,080
out and discussed

3892
02:29:16,469 --> 02:29:14,319
uh the really reducing um

3893
02:29:18,230 --> 02:29:16,479
characteristics of the source water that

3894
02:29:22,309 --> 02:29:18,240
one had a conductivity at something like

3895
02:29:23,830 --> 02:29:22,319
one point between 1.84 and 1.89

3896
02:29:26,469 --> 02:29:23,840
so they're still

3897
02:29:30,630 --> 02:29:27,510
they're still

3898
02:29:32,070 --> 02:29:30,640
real but low i would say

3899
02:29:34,790 --> 02:29:32,080
and more on that more on that when we

3900
02:29:40,070 --> 02:29:37,670
cool thanks for reporting

3901
02:29:41,190 --> 02:29:40,080
uh fresh off the field book results

3902
02:29:42,870 --> 02:29:41,200
um

3903
02:29:46,309 --> 02:29:42,880
cool i should move on to our third

3904
02:29:48,309 --> 02:29:46,319
pop-up talk but thank you very much tom

3905
02:29:56,230 --> 02:29:48,319
and i believe our third one is annie

3906
02:30:00,070 --> 02:29:58,070
rick hello

3907
02:30:01,270 --> 02:30:00,080
yes we can hear you go ahead oh great

3908
02:30:03,990 --> 02:30:01,280
awesome

3909
02:30:06,630 --> 02:30:04,000
um so hi um for those of you who don't

3910
02:30:07,830 --> 02:30:06,640
know me i'm annie rowe i'm a postdoc

3911
02:30:09,830 --> 02:30:07,840
with the

3912
02:30:10,950 --> 02:30:09,840
nasa astrobiology institute based out of

3913
02:30:13,349 --> 02:30:10,960
usc

3914
02:30:14,230 --> 02:30:13,359
called life underground

3915
02:30:15,510 --> 02:30:14,240
and

3916
02:30:17,910 --> 02:30:15,520
i'm going to tell you a little bit about

3917
02:30:19,750 --> 02:30:17,920
the work i started as a postdoc with ken

3918
02:30:22,150 --> 02:30:19,760
nielsen

3919
02:30:24,309 --> 02:30:22,160
looking at the theaters so mike

3920
02:30:26,950 --> 02:30:24,319
sorry matt gave you a nice introduction

3921
02:30:28,630 --> 02:30:26,960
to the students a terrestrial

3922
02:30:30,230 --> 02:30:28,640
serpentization site

3923
02:30:32,870 --> 02:30:30,240
that we've been studying

3924
02:30:35,429 --> 02:30:32,880
for several years in ken's lab

3925
02:30:37,030 --> 02:30:35,439
and it has you know very characteristic

3926
02:30:39,110 --> 02:30:37,040
microbial community of terrestrial

3927
02:30:41,750 --> 02:30:39,120
synchronization systems

3928
02:30:43,510 --> 02:30:41,760
um i'm going to be focusing on a spring

3929
02:30:46,309 --> 02:30:43,520
that um

3930
02:30:49,429 --> 02:30:46,319
has not been well studied microbially

3931
02:30:51,590 --> 02:30:49,439
but one that we think is a mix of sort

3932
02:30:53,750 --> 02:30:51,600
of shallow and deep groundwater

3933
02:30:55,510 --> 02:30:53,760
communities

3934
02:30:57,910 --> 02:30:55,520
and so

3935
02:31:00,790 --> 02:30:57,920
we wanted to use this site to look for

3936
02:31:01,910 --> 02:31:00,800
evidence of mineral reducing bacteria

3937
02:31:03,990 --> 02:31:01,920
um

3938
02:31:05,590 --> 02:31:04,000
but you know sort of as everett

3939
02:31:07,190 --> 02:31:05,600
mentioned you know one of the challenges

3940
02:31:09,030 --> 02:31:07,200
with working with these terrestrial

3941
02:31:10,630 --> 02:31:09,040
serbianization systems is we can see

3942
02:31:13,190 --> 02:31:10,640
microbes there but it's not always

3943
02:31:16,150 --> 02:31:13,200
obvious what the oxidants are

3944
02:31:17,349 --> 02:31:16,160
so geochemically you know oxygen

3945
02:31:19,750 --> 02:31:17,359
is

3946
02:31:22,950 --> 02:31:19,760
uh we don't detect it below the surface

3947
02:31:24,630 --> 02:31:22,960
in most of the springs we have almost no

3948
02:31:26,630 --> 02:31:24,640
uh sulfate in the system i think we

3949
02:31:28,389 --> 02:31:26,640
measure about one micromole

3950
02:31:29,590 --> 02:31:28,399
we don't measure things like nitrate

3951
02:31:31,349 --> 02:31:29,600
strike or

3952
02:31:32,950 --> 02:31:31,359
reduce iron so

3953
02:31:34,150 --> 02:31:32,960
one of the things we wanted to look at

3954
02:31:36,389 --> 02:31:34,160
was

3955
02:31:38,150 --> 02:31:36,399
the availability or the potential for

3956
02:31:39,830 --> 02:31:38,160
microbes in the system to use solid

3957
02:31:41,590 --> 02:31:39,840
minerals with terminal electron

3958
02:31:43,990 --> 02:31:41,600
acceptors

3959
02:31:45,349 --> 02:31:44,000
but again this is a low biomass system

3960
02:31:46,710 --> 02:31:45,359
and so

3961
02:31:49,429 --> 02:31:46,720
to sort of

3962
02:31:52,230 --> 02:31:49,439
begin to circumvent this problem

3963
02:31:55,110 --> 02:31:52,240
we decided to try to enrich in vivo

3964
02:31:56,870 --> 02:31:55,120
sorry in vivo for

3965
02:31:59,190 --> 02:31:56,880
organisms that could do extracellular

3966
02:32:00,309 --> 02:31:59,200
electron transfer so we used a really

3967
02:32:03,190 --> 02:32:00,319
simple

3968
02:32:05,429 --> 02:32:03,200
electrochemical enrichment so this is a

3969
02:32:08,150 --> 02:32:05,439
two electrode system

3970
02:32:11,030 --> 02:32:08,160
um it's very similar to the way a

3971
02:32:13,429 --> 02:32:11,040
microbial fuel cell or battery will

3972
02:32:15,349 --> 02:32:13,439
work we have an anode here that can

3973
02:32:17,910 --> 02:32:15,359
serve as

3974
02:32:19,270 --> 02:32:17,920
an acceptor for electrons from microbial

3975
02:32:21,910 --> 02:32:19,280
processes

3976
02:32:24,230 --> 02:32:21,920
and then we have a cathode here at the

3977
02:32:26,230 --> 02:32:24,240
air water interface that can abiotically

3978
02:32:27,110 --> 02:32:26,240
reduce oxygen

3979
02:32:28,710 --> 02:32:27,120
um

3980
02:32:31,030 --> 02:32:28,720
and so

3981
02:32:33,750 --> 02:32:31,040
we incubated this at a

3982
02:32:35,990 --> 02:32:33,760
campsite spring for about three months

3983
02:32:38,790 --> 02:32:36,000
and we could measure current over this

3984
02:32:41,270 --> 02:32:38,800
time so we had a data logger and we saw

3985
02:32:42,469 --> 02:32:41,280
that after about 20 days

3986
02:32:44,389 --> 02:32:42,479
we could see

3987
02:32:46,630 --> 02:32:44,399
pretty consistent

3988
02:32:47,590 --> 02:32:46,640
current generation

3989
02:32:50,070 --> 02:32:47,600
and so

3990
02:32:51,190 --> 02:32:50,080
you know there may be some lag time in

3991
02:32:53,349 --> 02:32:51,200
terms of

3992
02:32:56,469 --> 02:32:53,359
getting the microbes to

3993
02:32:58,469 --> 02:32:56,479
associate to the anode

3994
02:33:01,910 --> 02:32:58,479
and interestingly we saw

3995
02:33:03,510 --> 02:33:01,920
some oscillations on a daily basis

3996
02:33:06,950 --> 02:33:03,520
and so

3997
02:33:08,230 --> 02:33:06,960
if we zoom in on sort of a three-day

3998
02:33:10,389 --> 02:33:08,240
period here

3999
02:33:11,590 --> 02:33:10,399
we can see that

4000
02:33:14,230 --> 02:33:11,600
um

4001
02:33:16,070 --> 02:33:14,240
we have sort of a boom and bust in terms

4002
02:33:17,429 --> 02:33:16,080
of current generation

4003
02:33:19,429 --> 02:33:17,439
um and this

4004
02:33:21,590 --> 02:33:19,439
bust or this decline in current

4005
02:33:22,790 --> 02:33:21,600
generation happens about noon so this is

4006
02:33:27,990 --> 02:33:22,800
sort of

4007
02:33:29,750 --> 02:33:28,000
high sunlight

4008
02:33:31,190 --> 02:33:29,760
and this is sort of counterintuitive to

4009
02:33:34,950 --> 02:33:31,200
what we would think

4010
02:33:36,950 --> 02:33:34,960
would happen if it was some sort of

4011
02:33:38,469 --> 02:33:36,960
temperature driven process

4012
02:33:40,070 --> 02:33:38,479
so

4013
02:33:41,349 --> 02:33:40,080
we would expect you know during the data

4014
02:33:43,110 --> 02:33:41,359
temperatures to be higher so we'd

4015
02:33:45,590 --> 02:33:43,120
actually expect more current production

4016
02:33:49,910 --> 02:33:45,600
if this was some sort of abiotic

4017
02:33:52,550 --> 02:33:51,110
and i

4018
02:33:54,389 --> 02:33:52,560
you know just sort of in the interest of

4019
02:33:55,590 --> 02:33:54,399
time that was most of what i was going

4020
02:33:57,750 --> 02:33:55,600
to tell you

4021
02:33:59,510 --> 02:33:57,760
from here

4022
02:34:01,030 --> 02:33:59,520
we enriched in this electric

4023
02:34:02,790 --> 02:34:01,040
chemical system

4024
02:34:04,150 --> 02:34:02,800
heavily for firmicute

4025
02:34:06,150 --> 02:34:04,160
um and

4026
02:34:08,950 --> 02:34:06,160
you know unfortunately it wasn't easy at

4027
02:34:10,790 --> 02:34:08,960
this point to get an isolate but

4028
02:34:12,630 --> 02:34:10,800
we sort of stuck with it

4029
02:34:15,270 --> 02:34:12,640
and

4030
02:34:17,670 --> 02:34:15,280
we eventually got an isolate this

4031
02:34:19,429 --> 02:34:17,680
activity electrochemical activity seems

4032
02:34:21,670 --> 02:34:19,439
to not be

4033
02:34:23,750 --> 02:34:21,680
linked to hydrogen production which was

4034
02:34:25,750 --> 02:34:23,760
a little bit of a surprise

4035
02:34:28,950 --> 02:34:25,760
but that might have to do with the

4036
02:34:30,790 --> 02:34:28,960
spring that we were working in um and

4037
02:34:33,270 --> 02:34:30,800
you know it's functionally anaerobic

4038
02:34:35,510 --> 02:34:33,280
because of the activity of

4039
02:34:39,270 --> 02:34:35,520
um hydrogen oxidizing

4040
02:34:41,750 --> 02:34:39,280
um aerobics but potentially it's also um

4041
02:34:43,270 --> 02:34:41,760
pretty hydrogen limited as well by those

4042
02:34:46,950 --> 02:34:43,280
same activities

4043
02:34:48,950 --> 02:34:46,960
um and we had some evidence of you know

4044
02:34:50,309 --> 02:34:48,960
connections with phototrophs as well and

4045
02:34:52,630 --> 02:34:50,319
so maybe that's

4046
02:34:54,150 --> 02:34:52,640
um there's some sort of link here

4047
02:34:56,790 --> 02:34:54,160
um but nonetheless we think this is an

4048
02:34:58,389 --> 02:34:56,800
interesting approach to start looking at

4049
02:34:59,349 --> 02:34:58,399
microbial activity and i think in the

4050
02:35:00,870 --> 02:34:59,359
future

4051
02:35:02,790 --> 02:35:00,880
we want to try this in a different

4052
02:35:04,389 --> 02:35:02,800
spring that maybe isn't

4053
02:35:05,990 --> 02:35:04,399
quite so influenced by the shallow

4054
02:35:07,349 --> 02:35:06,000
community

4055
02:35:09,429 --> 02:35:07,359
um

4056
02:35:11,670 --> 02:35:09,439
so we have a nice isolate we could look

4057
02:35:13,910 --> 02:35:11,680
at electrochemical activity

4058
02:35:15,910 --> 02:35:13,920
and i just really quickly want to

4059
02:35:16,950 --> 02:35:15,920
touch on sort of the energetics of iron

4060
02:35:19,270 --> 02:35:16,960
reduction

4061
02:35:21,429 --> 02:35:19,280
at high ph because

4062
02:35:22,630 --> 02:35:21,439
um well

4063
02:35:24,389 --> 02:35:22,640
basically

4064
02:35:26,710 --> 02:35:24,399
if you can see if you have an iron

4065
02:35:28,710 --> 02:35:26,720
reduction reaction that drives all of

4066
02:35:30,790 --> 02:35:28,720
your iron to dissolved iron this is a

4067
02:35:32,469 --> 02:35:30,800
very ph dependent process

4068
02:35:34,150 --> 02:35:32,479
um but i think one thing we have to

4069
02:35:35,830 --> 02:35:34,160
consider as a community are these

4070
02:35:38,150 --> 02:35:35,840
reactions that involve mineral

4071
02:35:41,590 --> 02:35:38,160
transformations and so these are much

4072
02:35:42,710 --> 02:35:41,600
less dependent on ph this is an example

4073
02:35:44,710 --> 02:35:42,720
of

4074
02:35:46,950 --> 02:35:44,720
mag hematite going all the way to

4075
02:35:49,349 --> 02:35:46,960
magnetite under a variety of ph

4076
02:35:51,750 --> 02:35:49,359
conditions and see a really

4077
02:35:55,190 --> 02:35:51,760
shallow slope here

4078
02:35:57,670 --> 02:35:55,200
um yeah and that was all i was

4079
02:35:59,990 --> 02:35:57,680
hoping to tell you guys about um these

4080
02:36:02,070 --> 02:36:00,000
are my co-authors this was done in

4081
02:36:04,070 --> 02:36:02,080
collaboration with an electric chemist

4082
02:36:07,429 --> 02:36:04,080
who is also a postdoc intense lab when i

4083
02:36:09,270 --> 02:36:07,439
started um akihiro okamoto

4084
02:36:12,550 --> 02:36:09,280
um and

4085
02:36:16,550 --> 02:36:14,710
thank you very much annie uh penny asks

4086
02:36:18,150 --> 02:36:16,560
which spring did you use

4087
02:36:19,830 --> 02:36:18,160
i'm sorry penny yeah this is campsite

4088
02:36:22,150 --> 02:36:19,840
springs

4089
02:36:24,230 --> 02:36:22,160
campsites right thank you i think we

4090
02:36:26,150 --> 02:36:24,240
have just enough time to get to our

4091
02:36:31,830 --> 02:36:26,160
fourth and final pop-up talk um but

4092
02:36:37,750 --> 02:36:35,429
all right alberto are you here

4093
02:36:39,030 --> 02:36:37,760
all right yes

4094
02:36:40,950 --> 02:36:39,040
can you hear me

4095
02:36:43,270 --> 02:36:40,960
we can hear you if i can't see you

4096
02:36:45,349 --> 02:36:43,280
so i think as mike says there's a button

4097
02:36:48,550 --> 02:36:45,359
on the center of your

4098
02:37:00,870 --> 02:36:48,560
webcam window that you click to share

4099
02:37:04,230 --> 02:37:02,550
you just want to click the down arrow

4100
02:37:05,910 --> 02:37:04,240
icon that's in the lower left of your

4101
02:37:08,309 --> 02:37:05,920
slides

4102
02:37:09,110 --> 02:37:08,319
yeah okay perfect

4103
02:37:10,950 --> 02:37:09,120
so

4104
02:37:16,870 --> 02:37:10,960
thank you

4105
02:37:20,550 --> 02:37:18,630
um actually if you click the down arrow

4106
02:37:22,950 --> 02:37:20,560
icon to the bottom left of your slides

4107
02:37:24,870 --> 02:37:22,960
that'll advance them in slides that's

4108
02:37:28,790 --> 02:37:24,880
better okay perfect

4109
02:37:30,950 --> 02:37:28,800
okay thank you so the uh the idea is to

4110
02:37:33,030 --> 02:37:30,960
show some results about the potential

4111
02:37:34,870 --> 02:37:33,040
role of

4112
02:37:36,150 --> 02:37:34,880
serpentinization at high pressure

4113
02:37:39,110 --> 02:37:36,160
conditions

4114
02:37:43,429 --> 02:37:39,120
as a source of hydrogen and

4115
02:37:48,070 --> 02:37:46,389
so i'll start with this diagram to to

4116
02:37:51,510 --> 02:37:48,080
the left

4117
02:37:52,950 --> 02:37:51,520
can you see the green arrow here

4118
02:37:54,790 --> 02:37:52,960
maybe

4119
02:37:56,950 --> 02:37:54,800
anyway this is a pressure temperature

4120
02:37:59,750 --> 02:37:56,960
diagram and

4121
02:38:01,910 --> 02:37:59,760
you can see in blue

4122
02:38:04,150 --> 02:38:01,920
stability field of serpentine minerals

4123
02:38:06,469 --> 02:38:04,160
that is in in other words the stability

4124
02:38:07,270 --> 02:38:06,479
field of certs so plenty like

4125
02:38:09,830 --> 02:38:07,280
and

4126
02:38:14,790 --> 02:38:12,550
to the left there is a small circle

4127
02:38:16,309 --> 02:38:14,800
that should extend to

4128
02:38:17,750 --> 02:38:16,319
it should extend to much higher

4129
02:38:20,070 --> 02:38:17,760
temperature

4130
02:38:22,150 --> 02:38:20,080
but the idea of this circle is just just

4131
02:38:25,030 --> 02:38:22,160
to show that oh that most

4132
02:38:25,910 --> 02:38:25,040
natural laboratories we have

4133
02:38:27,270 --> 02:38:25,920
for

4134
02:38:30,309 --> 02:38:27,280
uh studying

4135
02:38:32,469 --> 02:38:30,319
serpentinization are from the very

4136
02:38:35,910 --> 02:38:32,479
shallowest part of the serpent

4137
02:38:37,750 --> 02:38:35,920
instability field and we can have

4138
02:38:40,150 --> 02:38:37,760
almost the same processes at much

4139
02:38:43,110 --> 02:38:40,160
greater depth down to

4140
02:38:45,590 --> 02:38:43,120
at least four gpa and the best place to

4141
02:38:47,429 --> 02:38:45,600
study these processes uh are subduction

4142
02:38:49,830 --> 02:38:47,439
zones

4143
02:38:50,630 --> 02:38:49,840
so you can see to the right

4144
02:38:51,990 --> 02:38:50,640
the

4145
02:38:54,630 --> 02:38:52,000
blue box

4146
02:38:57,270 --> 02:38:54,640
that shows the the region where we can

4147
02:38:59,349 --> 02:38:57,280
have and we know that from from natural

4148
02:39:01,750 --> 02:38:59,359
studies and from geophysics

4149
02:39:03,349 --> 02:39:01,760
that quite a lot of fresh

4150
02:39:05,590 --> 02:39:03,359
mantle material

4151
02:39:06,469 --> 02:39:05,600
is serpentinized so the question is is

4152
02:39:08,469 --> 02:39:06,479
this

4153
02:39:10,550 --> 02:39:08,479
deep process

4154
02:39:11,590 --> 02:39:10,560
able to release hydrogen and produce

4155
02:39:15,030 --> 02:39:11,600
some

4156
02:39:16,710 --> 02:39:15,040
ebiotic methane or not

4157
02:39:19,270 --> 02:39:16,720
so i'm going to show you some results

4158
02:39:23,110 --> 02:39:21,270
the italian alps

4159
02:39:25,750 --> 02:39:23,120
here you have a map and there are two

4160
02:39:27,750 --> 02:39:25,760
main things to keep in mind

4161
02:39:30,389 --> 02:39:27,760
so you can see in the in the middle of

4162
02:39:32,790 --> 02:39:30,399
the map a light green zone this is a

4163
02:39:36,710 --> 02:39:32,800
fresh uh core of

4164
02:39:38,550 --> 02:39:36,720
peridotites so all within pyroxene and

4165
02:39:41,349 --> 02:39:38,560
and everything

4166
02:39:43,110 --> 02:39:41,359
and uh

4167
02:39:45,510 --> 02:39:43,120
then there's a shell

4168
02:39:48,469 --> 02:39:45,520
a serpentine shell

4169
02:39:51,510 --> 02:39:48,479
all around this uh peridotite body that

4170
02:39:55,750 --> 02:39:53,270
slightly uh

4171
02:39:58,230 --> 02:39:55,760
deeper green color in the map

4172
02:40:03,270 --> 02:40:01,030
yeah the two things that must be uh kept

4173
02:40:07,429 --> 02:40:03,280
in mind are that the shell

4174
02:40:10,790 --> 02:40:07,439
contains serpentinites and carbonate

4175
02:40:12,950 --> 02:40:10,800
and the second is that we know from

4176
02:40:14,550 --> 02:40:12,960
several data from the literature

4177
02:40:16,469 --> 02:40:14,560
literature that

4178
02:40:19,429 --> 02:40:16,479
at least a large part of the

4179
02:40:24,070 --> 02:40:21,990
occurred in the subduction zone

4180
02:40:26,710 --> 02:40:24,080
so these serpentinites formed at high

4181
02:40:29,349 --> 02:40:26,720
pressure conditions i'm not gonna talk

4182
02:40:31,349 --> 02:40:29,359
about this in detail but uh this is well

4183
02:40:32,830 --> 02:40:31,359
known from from the literature so the

4184
02:40:34,389 --> 02:40:32,840
question

4185
02:40:42,389 --> 02:40:34,399
uh

4186
02:40:45,030 --> 02:40:42,399
was produced during the serpentinization

4187
02:40:46,790 --> 02:40:45,040
and what was the effect of this fluid

4188
02:40:49,269 --> 02:40:46,800
on the surrounding rock

4189
02:40:51,349 --> 02:40:49,279
and all i'm going to show you is from

4190
02:40:53,830 --> 02:40:51,359
the shell so it's from this

4191
02:40:55,349 --> 02:40:53,840
serpentinized and

4192
02:41:00,150 --> 02:40:55,359
carbonated

4193
02:41:05,269 --> 02:41:00,160
here from the shell

4194
02:41:07,670 --> 02:41:05,279
so let's slide so these are data that uh

4195
02:41:10,309 --> 02:41:07,680
are in press so they should appear in

4196
02:41:12,630 --> 02:41:10,319
nature communications quite soon and i'm

4197
02:41:15,910 --> 02:41:12,640
just gonna show you two uh details that

4198
02:41:17,830 --> 02:41:15,920
are the two most uh remarkable

4199
02:41:20,550 --> 02:41:17,840
features

4200
02:41:22,070 --> 02:41:20,560
so um

4201
02:41:23,750 --> 02:41:22,080
the first thing

4202
02:41:26,389 --> 02:41:23,760
is uh

4203
02:41:29,750 --> 02:41:26,399
on the picture to the left

4204
02:41:31,349 --> 02:41:29,760
you see in oh maybe you cannot see the

4205
02:41:33,910 --> 02:41:31,359
labels but

4206
02:41:37,429 --> 02:41:33,920
so all you can see all the white matrix

4207
02:41:38,469 --> 02:41:37,439
is carbonate calcium carbonate and

4208
02:41:42,870 --> 02:41:38,479
in

4209
02:41:45,429 --> 02:41:42,880
have some

4210
02:41:48,790 --> 02:41:45,439
small fragments of serpentine

4211
02:41:51,590 --> 02:41:48,800
you can see an elevated one

4212
02:41:54,309 --> 02:41:51,600
to the bottom of this figure and

4213
02:41:55,349 --> 02:41:54,319
there are many others

4214
02:41:56,630 --> 02:41:55,359
and

4215
02:41:58,950 --> 02:41:56,640
all the small

4216
02:42:01,429 --> 02:41:58,960
dots or bubbles you can see in in the

4217
02:42:02,550 --> 02:42:01,439
photo are food inclusions

4218
02:42:04,389 --> 02:42:02,560
that

4219
02:42:06,950 --> 02:42:04,399
mainly consist of

4220
02:42:09,590 --> 02:42:06,960
methane and dehydrogen

4221
02:42:12,950 --> 02:42:09,600
so this is the first thing first natural

4222
02:42:14,550 --> 02:42:12,960
evidence we have methane and hydrogen in

4223
02:42:16,790 --> 02:42:14,560
these deep rocks

4224
02:42:19,830 --> 02:42:16,800
the second thing is uh on the other

4225
02:42:21,429 --> 02:42:19,840
picture to the to the right this is a an

4226
02:42:22,550 --> 02:42:21,439
sm image

4227
02:42:24,950 --> 02:42:22,560
showing

4228
02:42:27,110 --> 02:42:24,960
the interface between these serpentinite

4229
02:42:28,790 --> 02:42:27,120
fragments and the carbonate matrix and

4230
02:42:31,510 --> 02:42:28,800
you see that there's quite a lot of

4231
02:42:33,670 --> 02:42:31,520
black stuff all around the serpent in

4232
02:42:35,030 --> 02:42:33,680
class and this is graphite

4233
02:42:36,550 --> 02:42:35,040
so we try to

4234
02:42:37,670 --> 02:42:36,560
understand how

4235
02:42:41,030 --> 02:42:37,680
this

4236
02:42:42,950 --> 02:42:41,040
graphite formed and

4237
02:42:44,790 --> 02:42:42,960
i'll be very fast on this because i

4238
02:42:47,590 --> 02:42:44,800
don't have time but

4239
02:42:51,510 --> 02:42:47,600
we reconstructed based on several pieces

4240
02:42:53,750 --> 02:42:51,520
of evidence uh three main stages

4241
02:42:57,110 --> 02:42:53,760
with two

4242
02:43:00,790 --> 02:42:57,120
possibly new paths to generate methane

4243
02:43:02,870 --> 02:43:00,800
at high pressure conditions so the first

4244
02:43:06,389 --> 02:43:02,880
is reaction one

4245
02:43:09,910 --> 02:43:06,399
that involves antigrid calcium carbonate

4246
02:43:12,070 --> 02:43:09,920
and an external fluid that is dehydrogen

4247
02:43:13,269 --> 02:43:12,080
to give some new phases like dioxide

4248
02:43:18,230 --> 02:43:13,279
broochite

4249
02:43:20,309 --> 02:43:19,349
then

4250
02:43:22,870 --> 02:43:20,319
what we

4251
02:43:25,269 --> 02:43:22,880
imagine is that part of this methane

4252
02:43:27,990 --> 02:43:25,279
saturated the fluids in carbon and

4253
02:43:29,910 --> 02:43:28,000
precipitated the graphite

4254
02:43:31,190 --> 02:43:29,920
and then there is the second stage of

4255
02:43:33,590 --> 02:43:31,200
reaction that

4256
02:43:36,150 --> 02:43:33,600
in our model produced from some methane

4257
02:43:39,269 --> 02:43:36,160
that is the interaction with the

4258
02:43:40,309 --> 02:43:39,279
external hydrogen rich fluid and the

4259
02:43:43,110 --> 02:43:40,319
graphite

4260
02:43:45,190 --> 02:43:43,120
so we believe that we have two

4261
02:43:47,830 --> 02:43:45,200
successive

4262
02:43:50,950 --> 02:43:47,840
reactions able to produce

4263
02:43:53,750 --> 02:43:50,960
methane through kinds of

4264
02:43:55,830 --> 02:43:53,760
dry reaction at high pressure conditions

4265
02:43:57,750 --> 02:43:55,840
so again i cannot give you all the

4266
02:43:59,429 --> 02:43:57,760
details but

4267
02:44:03,670 --> 02:43:59,439
we have several pieces of evidence for

4268
02:44:08,790 --> 02:44:06,469
so here in this cartoon you have a

4269
02:44:11,349 --> 02:44:08,800
summary of what we

4270
02:44:13,990 --> 02:44:11,359
believe for these rocks so the principle

4271
02:44:18,550 --> 02:44:16,070
um

4272
02:44:21,190 --> 02:44:18,560
serpentinization of the big peridotite

4273
02:44:25,510 --> 02:44:21,200
body i showed you in the first map

4274
02:44:25,520 --> 02:44:29,030
can you hear me

4275
02:44:33,190 --> 02:44:30,790
yes we can hear you but we should

4276
02:44:35,910 --> 02:44:33,200
probably wrap up some okay so

4277
02:44:37,349 --> 02:44:35,920
i have some problems on the phone

4278
02:44:39,670 --> 02:44:37,359
um

4279
02:44:42,389 --> 02:44:39,680
so the idea is 30 more seconds 30 more

4280
02:44:44,870 --> 02:44:42,399
seconds or a minute thanks

4281
02:44:47,269 --> 02:44:44,880
okay uh the idea is that

4282
02:44:49,510 --> 02:44:47,279
serpentinization of the big piece of

4283
02:44:51,510 --> 02:44:49,520
fresh peridotites released a lot of

4284
02:44:54,309 --> 02:44:51,520
hydrogen and we found

4285
02:44:56,070 --> 02:44:54,319
some hydrogen preserved inclusions and

4286
02:44:57,590 --> 02:44:56,080
then the interaction between this

4287
02:44:59,510 --> 02:44:57,600
hydrogen and

4288
02:45:00,550 --> 02:44:59,520
other rocks just

4289
02:45:03,269 --> 02:45:00,560
next by

4290
02:45:06,630 --> 02:45:03,279
the prohibited bodies

4291
02:45:07,830 --> 02:45:06,640
produced a lot of methane

4292
02:45:08,150 --> 02:45:07,840
so

4293
02:45:09,990 --> 02:45:08,160
then

4294
02:45:12,790 --> 02:45:10,000
[Music]

4295
02:45:15,349 --> 02:45:12,800
just a just for

4296
02:45:17,030 --> 02:45:15,359
conclusions from our study we estimated

4297
02:45:18,230 --> 02:45:17,040
the depth at which this method is

4298
02:45:20,309 --> 02:45:18,240
released

4299
02:45:23,510 --> 02:45:20,319
and we can say that it happened

4300
02:45:25,590 --> 02:45:23,520
between 40 and let's say 15 kilometers

4301
02:45:28,389 --> 02:45:25,600
depth during the examination of this

4302
02:45:30,790 --> 02:45:28,399
body then the duration of this process

4303
02:45:33,269 --> 02:45:30,800
based on some uh pathological evidence

4304
02:45:34,070 --> 02:45:33,279
we can say that uh methane was produced

4305
02:45:37,670 --> 02:45:34,080
over

4306
02:45:39,910 --> 02:45:37,680
uh uh 0.5 to 1 million years we don't

4307
02:45:41,110 --> 02:45:39,920
we don't know if this was episodic or

4308
02:45:41,910 --> 02:45:41,120
continuous

4309
02:45:44,070 --> 02:45:41,920
but

4310
02:45:46,710 --> 02:45:44,080
we have good constraint

4311
02:45:49,030 --> 02:45:46,720
for that and then the fluxes based on

4312
02:45:52,070 --> 02:45:49,040
the mineralogy and the reactions we

4313
02:45:55,990 --> 02:45:52,080
estimated that more than 350 kilograms

4314
02:45:57,830 --> 02:45:56,000
of methane were produced for 2-bit meter

4315
02:46:00,790 --> 02:45:57,840
and we also got some

4316
02:46:02,309 --> 02:46:00,800
estimates on what could be released at

4317
02:46:03,910 --> 02:46:02,319
subduction zones

4318
02:46:06,389 --> 02:46:03,920
from this kind of

4319
02:46:09,110 --> 02:46:06,399
deep serpentinization processes that is

4320
02:46:13,830 --> 02:46:09,120
in the order of 0.8 megatons of hydrogen

4321
02:46:15,830 --> 02:46:13,840
annually and 1.5 megatons of methane

4322
02:46:18,070 --> 02:46:15,840
so these are

4323
02:46:19,269 --> 02:46:18,080
possibly two new and alternative

4324
02:46:21,030 --> 02:46:19,279
pathways

4325
02:46:23,110 --> 02:46:21,040
to produce methane at high pressure

4326
02:46:25,110 --> 02:46:23,120
conditions

4327
02:46:27,750 --> 02:46:25,120
it is true that uh this is from

4328
02:46:30,230 --> 02:46:27,760
subduction zones and it is not sure that

4329
02:46:31,670 --> 02:46:30,240
the same process may take place in in

4330
02:46:33,750 --> 02:46:31,680
other planets but

4331
02:46:36,630 --> 02:46:33,760
the message is that uh from

4332
02:46:38,950 --> 02:46:36,640
high-pressure rocks we can have uh some

4333
02:46:41,830 --> 02:46:38,960
alternative ideas of

4334
02:46:44,790 --> 02:46:41,840
the reactions the the abiotic reactions

4335
02:46:46,710 --> 02:46:44,800
that can produce this kind of gases

4336
02:46:49,510 --> 02:46:46,720
thank you

4337
02:46:52,070 --> 02:46:49,520
really interesting you have some

4338
02:46:55,269 --> 02:46:52,080
questions in the chat window that i um

4339
02:46:57,670 --> 02:46:55,279
if you could answer them uh via typing

4340
02:46:59,190 --> 02:46:57,680
and then we can call a close

4341
02:47:00,710 --> 02:46:59,200
to our session for today and we can

4342
02:47:03,190 --> 02:47:00,720
carry on the conversation in the chat

4343
02:47:05,910 --> 02:47:03,200
window but thank you very much

4344
02:47:08,550 --> 02:47:05,920
alexis or jen and tori like to do a wrap

4345
02:47:14,790 --> 02:47:11,110
or should we just call it and reconvene

4346
02:47:19,429 --> 02:47:17,510
i will just say it was wonderful to have

4347
02:47:21,750 --> 02:47:19,439
such excellent participation today and

4348
02:47:24,150 --> 02:47:21,760
again knowing the top the topics and the

4349
02:47:25,590 --> 02:47:24,160
speakers tomorrow i'm not sure if jen or

4350
02:47:27,190 --> 02:47:25,600
tory have heard from you or those

4351
02:47:29,830 --> 02:47:27,200
organizers but if you are interested in

4352
02:47:31,590 --> 02:47:29,840
doing a pop-up talk even injecting ideas

4353
02:47:33,590 --> 02:47:31,600
particularly in a really brief format to

4354
02:47:35,190 --> 02:47:33,600
get them on the table um it's again

4355
02:47:37,349 --> 02:47:35,200
welcome

4356
02:47:39,110 --> 02:47:37,359
we look forward to it

4357
02:47:41,030 --> 02:47:39,120
thanks alexis yeah i think we can just

4358
02:47:42,790 --> 02:47:41,040
quickly wrap up from our invite uh

4359
02:47:45,349 --> 02:47:42,800
thanking everybody for the great talks

4360
02:47:47,670 --> 02:47:45,359
today and in particular um it's really

4361
02:47:49,590 --> 02:47:47,680
pleasing to see the pop-up talks and and

4362
02:47:50,790 --> 02:47:49,600
how well those work so as alexis said

4363
02:47:52,630 --> 02:47:50,800
please do

4364
02:47:53,990 --> 02:47:52,640
chime in we have still a couple of open

4365
02:47:55,910 --> 02:47:54,000
spots i think for the next couple of

4366
02:47:59,110 --> 02:47:55,920
days and related to that we're going to

4367
02:48:00,710 --> 02:47:59,120
put a link to a survey that we do we try

4368
02:48:02,630 --> 02:48:00,720
to do after all of our events because

4369
02:48:04,309 --> 02:48:02,640
we'd love to get your feedback on what

4370
02:48:06,950 --> 02:48:04,319
you thought about the technologies how

4371
02:48:09,670 --> 02:48:06,960
we integrated it um the

4372
02:48:11,510 --> 02:48:09,680
whole production and also topics if

4373
02:48:13,750 --> 02:48:11,520
there's any upcoming topics that you'd

4374
02:48:15,830 --> 02:48:13,760
like to suggest that we

4375
02:48:18,070 --> 02:48:15,840
that we cover so please take a minute

4376
02:48:19,269 --> 02:48:18,080
and fill in the survey if there if you

4377
02:48:21,830 --> 02:48:19,279
know people that have already dropped

4378
02:48:23,750 --> 02:48:21,840
off uh forward that to them and we we

4379
02:48:26,309 --> 02:48:23,760
want your feedback so we can always be

4380
02:48:28,309 --> 02:48:26,319
improving things thanks

4381
02:48:33,030 --> 02:48:28,319
and then so now back to question sorry

4382
02:48:35,510 --> 02:48:33,990
um

4383
02:48:37,110 --> 02:48:35,520
uh yeah i think we'll just let people

4384
02:48:39,830 --> 02:48:37,120
continue uh

4385
02:48:41,990 --> 02:48:39,840
typing away and we'll call a close to

4386
02:48:43,030 --> 02:48:42,000
the out loud portion of the

4387
02:48:44,710 --> 02:48:43,040
of today

4388
02:48:46,230 --> 02:48:44,720
i think that sounds great okay thanks

4389
02:48:48,469 --> 02:48:46,240
all right thank you everyone hope to see